Radio frequency power is the main parameter characterizing the intensity of electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies in closed transmission paths. Measurement of the RF power in the millimeter wavelength range is widely used in radio communications, radio navigation, and radar. In order to ensure the uniformity of measurements of the RF power in the frequency range from 78.33 to 118.1 GHz, the State Primary Standard of the unit of RF power in waveguide paths in the frequency range from 37.5 to 78.33 GHz GET 167-2017has been improved. To ensure the possibility of increasing the upper frequency of the GET 167-2017, the development of sets of bolometric measuring transducers in waveguide paths 2.4×1.2 and 2.54×1.27 mm (WR10), calorimetric and comparating installations. The block diagram, technical characteristics and results of metrological studies of the State primary standard of the unit of RF power in waveguide paths in the frequency range of 37.5–118.1 GHz GET 167-2021 are given. Taking into account the features caused by a decrease in the cross section of the waveguide path, methods for estimating error components are refi ned. reproduction and transmission of a unit of RF power. The research results confi rmed the high accuracy of the standard, which now occupies a leading position among similar national standards.

The article gives a brief description of the contents of the manual JCGM GUM-6:2020 “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement – Part 6: Developing and using measurement models”, translated into Russian, on the inadequacy of mathematical models of measurement objects. It is shown that, despite the correct statement of the problem of the inadequacy of the description of “measured quantities” in the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (1999 translation), its solution was not brought to thespecifi cation of the quantitative indicator of “intrinsic uncertainty”. This problem, in the presence of a number of particular and useful, butwell-known mathematical recommendations, could not be solved by the management of JCGM GUM-6:2020, although its text mentions the right idea – to use the errors of extrapolation of the model as a criterion for its identifi cation.

The problem of technical system efficiency increasing by application of virtual sensors is considered. The problem arises when physical sensors are deficient for reducing diagnostic system complexity or solving fault isolation problem. The use of physical sensors to achieve the necessary results may be expensive; besides such sensors as a rule are of non high reliability. The problem of robust virtual sensors design in technical systems described by nonlinear models subjected to the unmatched disturbances is studied. To design such sensors, two different canonical forms are used: identification and Jordan canonical forms. The relations allowing to design virtual sensor of minimal dimension estimating prescribed component of the state vector of the system and insensitive or having minimal sensitivity to the disturbances are obtained. Minimal sensitivity is achieved by using singular value decomposition of the matrices describing the disturbances and the original system. The virtual sensors can be used in addition to existing physical sensors or for replacing the faulty sensor. Theoretical results are illustrated by practical example. The obtained results can be used to solve the problem of fault tolerant system design.

The article deals with the improvement of the measurement accuracy in automatic systems of operative control and regulation by taking into account the error caused by the time delay of discrete counting of the measured quantity in real time mode. It is shown that at dynamic measurements of random processes in servo systems it is necessary to take into account the subjective factor of determining the dynamics of measured quantities, which consists in the method of assigning the maximum frequency of the spectrum of initial processes. At calculation of an admissible time delay of receiving results of discrete-time measurements in a real time mode an extrapolation error was accepted as a dynamic error. Analytical expressions for determination of the required operability of discrete measurements of continuous quantities taking into account the admissible extrapolation error and the subjective factor of assignment of the maximum frequency of the spectrum of the initial process are obtained. Three common models of the measured quantity where the energy spectrum and correlation function of the desired random quantity are represented as a response to white noise of ideal, RC- and Gaussian low-pass filters have been considered. The admissible time delays of discrete samples depending on the admissible extrapolation error, the method of extrapolation and the maximum frequency of the spectrum of the measured quantity for real-time measurements are calculated. It is shown that at a priori uncertainty in relation to the measured model and extrapolation from  one or two samples it is necessary to use the zero-order extrapolator as a prediction algorithm to calculate the admissible time delay. The scientific results obtained in the paper will be of interest for specialists in the field of tracking systems,  telemechanics, guidance, operational control and regulation systems for real time measurements in the reverse information channel.

The application of measurement information processing methods as part of modern quality management of machinebuilding products is considered. Тhe task of constructing the procedures of measurement (variable) inspection for Rayleigh distributed quality characteristic is set and solved. The mechanism of generation of Rayleigh distribution is explained for the parts of the specifi c type. The measurement sampling plan for the single-parameter distribution model is constructed and compared with the attributes plan according to the standard ISO 2859-1 “Statistical methods. Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes. Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit for lot-by-lot inspection”. The test statistics for the two-parameters model are described. The results obtained can be useful for drawing up sampling control plans on the quantitative basis of batches of parts whose geometric parameters have a Rayleigh distribution, which is due to the design features and manufacturing technology of these parts.

The application of optical methods for measuring the parameters of three-dimensional objects has been studied. Methods for decoding phase images under conditions of additive noise and a limited dynamic range of a photodetector are considered. The existing methods for decoding phase images introduce nonlinear distortions and systematic error into the measurement results under such conditions. A phase triangulation method with statistical data fitering is proposed for measuring the three-dimensional profie of an object under conditions of random additive noise and a limited dynamic range of a hotodetector, which excludes systematic distortions of the measurement results. The method is based on adaptive filtering and statistical analysisof the intensity distribution in the recorded phase images. The error of the method of decoding phase images using statistical data filtering and threshold fi ltering is analyzed analytically. The proposed method can be used to decode data in systems for measuring three-dimensional geometry that implement the phase triangulation method.

The development of optical methods and technologies allows to register, transform, store, transmit and reconstruct large amounts of information. One of the most common carriers of experimentally recorded information is digital holograms, which are recorded using photoregisters of various types. The size of digital hologram files is several tens of megabytes, so for the storage and transmission of holographic data via communication channels, holograms should be compressed. Binarization is one of the options for reducing the holograms size. In this work, a binarization method is proposed. It uses iterative adaptive selection of weight coefficients of the error diffusion procedure. The method has been tested on optically digital holograms that were recorded under various conditions. Quality of reconstructed images was estimated both numerically and optically after digital holograms displaying using a digital micromirror device. The proposed method can be used for compressing and storing holographic data, for measuring the characteristics and shape of micro- and macro objects, for fast optical image reconstruction using a digital micro mirror device, etc.

The actual problem of accelerating and reducing the energy costs of the sheet polymer composite material heat  treatment technological process is considered. It is shown that to solve this problem, it is advisable to use the microwave radiation energy as a heating source. The main advantages of the microwave method of the sheet polymer composite material heat treatment in comparison with traditional methods are considered. The design of a continuous-acting microwave installation with transverse interaction has been developed, which forms a uniform temperature distribution in the volume of sheet composite material, which makes it possible to obtain products with higher physical and mechanical characteristics. To calculate the temperature distributions over the width and thickness of the sheet material, the model and the method of loaded long lines  are used, respectively, taking into account the change in the dielectric parameters of the composite material from temperature, and the theory of the electromagnetic field. A method for measuring the temperature distribution of a sheet polymer material is proposed. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the temperature distribution over the width and thickness of a sheet polymer material with a width of 500 mm and a thickness of 30 mm, a density of 2400 kg/m³ at the frequency of electromagnetic field oscillations of 2450 MHz are presented. The obtained experimental results showed a high efficiency of microwave radiation usage for technological processes of the sheet polymer composite material heat treatment. Technologies that use microwave radiation can be applied for heat treatment of products made of concrete, foam concrete, as well as polymer composite materials based on carbon or basalt filaments, and thermosetting epoxy resins as a binder.

The necessity of improving the primary purification of oil in the conditions of a drilling station or an off shore platform is substantiated. The problems that arise in these situations are noted. One of the conditions for increasing the efficiency of the primary treatment (separation) of an oil mixture. The possibilities of using different designs offlowmeters to measure the flow rate q of the oil mixture coming from the well and various devices for monitoring its condition are considered. The analysis of designs of nuclear-magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers is carried out. The design of the industrial nuclear magnetic flowmeter-relaxometer M-Phase 5000, which is used to control the flow and quality of oil and oil products, is considered in detail. Problems have been identified that do not allow the use of a nuclear magnetic flowmeter - the M-Phase 5000 relaxometer in a drilling rig or offshore platform. A new design of a nuclear magnetic flowmeter-relaxometer has been developed, in which modulation methods for measuring q, T₁ and T₂ are implemented. The use of these techniques and various technical solutions makes it possible to use this device at a drilling station or offshore platform. The results of studies of various media are presented.

The problem of determining the fundamental frequency of a speech signal in the presence of white Gaussian noise is considered. A new method for its measurement is proposed, which takes into account the periodic structure of the power spectrum of voiced speech frames and is based on the principle of harmonic energy accumulation in the frequency domain. For this purpose, a procedure for equalizing its spectral envelope was introduced into the speech signal processing algorithm using a two-level autoregressive observations model: within one and several periods of the fundamental tone. At the same time, the adaptation of the order of auto regression of the lower level to the observed frame is implemented. An example of the practical implementation of the adaptive method based on the Berg method is considered. With the use of author's software, an experiment was set up and carried out, and experimental estimates of the effectiveness of the new method were obtained. It is shown that, due to its adaptation, a gain in threshold signals of 5–10 dB is achieved.

The metrological support of measurements of the absolute gas permeability coefficient of rocks is considered. It is shown that in some cases it is impossible to determine the absolute gas permeability coefficient with the required accuracy. An algorithm has been developed for processing the measurement results of the absolute gas permeability coefficient of rocks by the stеady-state method. The algorithm is based on the combination of equations describing Darcy's law and the Klinkenberg’s effect, its application makes it possible to increase the accuracy of measurements of the specified absolute gas permeability coefficient. The results of experimental and model (theoretical) studies are presented. Using the Monte Carlo method, it is theoretically proved that the use of the proposed algorithm for processing primary data reduces the uncertainty of measurements of the absolute gas permeability coefficient by 1.5 times compared to the existing algorithm. The theoretical data are consistent with the experimental results of measurements of the absolute gas permeability coefficient of 50 corundum samples. The scope of application of the results obtained: oil and gas industry, geology, scientific research.