The possibility of the existence of an informal relationship between two concepts of dimension – the dimension of the measurand and the fractal dimension of objects, in particular, in relation to fractional values of dimension, is investigated. Measurement results with non-zero error probabilities of the fi rst and second kinds when comparing the measured value with measures can be considered as environmental impact. For quantum theory, it is impossible to reliably predict the outcome of a measurement due to the impact of a measuring instrument on an object (non-uniformly scaled), limited only by the probability of the outcome. Fractional dimensions of units of electrical and magnetic quantities are present in the GHS system of units (centimeter, gram, second). Non-integer, including fractional, fractal dimensions appear when considering the structure of complex nonlinear objects. The commonality of the two different concepts of dimension lies in the measurement procedure in both defi nitions. It is shown that the relationship between the fractional dimensions of the measured quantities and fractal dimensions is manifested as a result of the representation of the measurement process in the form of a generalized effect characterizing the interaction of objects. The results obtained can be used to expand the scope of the fractal approach in measurement practice. 

The problem of synthesizing an optimal input signal restoration operator for linear dynamic measuring systems whose operators do not have zeros in the bandwidth of these systems is considered. An algorithm for restoring the input processes of measuring systems for the dynamic measurement mode in the form of an inverse digital fi lter is proposed. The inverse fi lter is represented by a series connection of a regularizing pre-fi lter (low-pass fi lter) and an inverse measurement system operator. It is shown that the procedure for minimizing the generalized discrepancy of the output signal of the measuring system can be constructed using only one regularization parameter, the cutoff frequency of the prefi lter, by fi xing its order. Such a construction, combined with the homogeneity of the representations of the initial data, the inverse operator of the measuring system, and the regularizer, ensures low computational costs when implementing the recovery algorithm. Based on the simulation results, it is shown that the pre-fi lter signifi cantly increases the convergence of recovery algorithms. An important advantage of the proposed recovery algorithm compared to the Kalman fi lter apparatus under conditions of high a priori uncertainty about the measured value is that the recovery accuracy is practically independent of the input signal model. The amount of a priori information is limited by the maximum frequency of the spectrum of the controlled process, as well as by the statistical characteristics of the measurement errors and the task of the operator of the measuring systems. These errors are estimated approximately from noise information and the identifi cation procedure. The simulation performed showed a high stability of the recovery procedure to the level of output noise of measurements and changes in the dynamics of the input signal with good accuracy characteristics of the recovery algorithm. The research results can be used to improve the accuracy of measuring systems in the dynamic measurement mode with a high a priori uncertainty about the measured value. 

 Issues of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of radiometric quantities in the ultraviolet range are considered, specifi cally the topical problem of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of low levels of irradiance (below 10−7 W/m2) in the spectral range of 0.2–0.4 μm being in greatest demand. As a result of the improvement of the State primary standard of radiant fl ux, irradiance, spectral irradiance and radiant exposure units in the wavelength range of 0.0004–0.4 μm GET 162-2012 in order to expand the range in which the standard realizes the unit of irradiance towards low levels, a setup for realization, maintenance and dissemination of the unit of irradiance of 10−8–10−6 W/m2 in the wavelength range from 0.2 to 0.4 μm have been created. The setup has been incorporated into the State primary standard of radiant fl ux, irradiance, spectral irradiance and radiant exposure units in the wavelength range of 0.0004–0.4 μm GET 162-2022. Presented are the structure, the principle of operation and the results of metrological performance analysis of the setup. Investigations carried on within the period from 2020 to 2021 confi rmed the stability of metrological performance of the setup. The setup ensures the uniformity of measurements of low levels of irradiance in the ultraviolet range. The results obtained are in demand in various fi elds of technology, medicine, biology, where highly sensitive photodetectors and low-power sources of ultraviolet radiation are widely used. 

The issues of increasing the accuracy and reliability of identifi cation of stereoscopic images due to a priori estimation of a specifi c identifi cation error that occurs when the intensity of the control image is asymmetric near the analyzed point (within the “window” of identifi cation) are considered. The mechanism of occurrence of such an error has been studied, a method for its prediction has been developed. The work methodology includes geometric analysis, analytical description of the image forming process and computer modeling. A certain version of the geometry of a stereoscopic television system is considered – with identical cameras, the optical axes of which are parallel to each other and orthogonal to the stereoscopic base. The a priori information used for the solution is the position of the relief reference plane. A technique for determining the center of intensity used in the method of predicting the identifi cation error has been developed. Using computer simulation, the infl uence of the asymmetry of the center of intensity relative to the center of the “window” on the identifi cation error and the possibility of its prediction is clearly demonstrated. The developed method can be used to make a decision to conduct a search procedure on the second stereo image or to reject the analyzed point in case of an unacceptably large predicted identifi cation error, as well as to limit the search interval on the second image and adjust the size of the “window” if necessary. 

The issues of transmission of a unit of average power of laser radiation from the reference converter of the corresponding standard to the control measuring converter of the standard in a serial information transmission scheme are considered. It has been established that a large difference in the time constants of these converters leads to an increase in the measurement error. To reduce it, an algorithm is proposed based on averaging the results of multiple measurements when determining the main transmission parameter of a unit of average power – the calibration coeffi cient. The statistical characteristics of the estimation of the calibration coeffi cient are analyzed analytically. In the model of measuring transducers with lumped parameters of the fi rst order when averaging the results of multiple measurements, relationships are obtained that characterize the infl uence of the correlated stationary fl uctuation component of the instability of the laser radiation power on the determination of the calibration coeffi cient. It is shown that in this case it is advisable to use the median of the distribution of its estimate as a calibration coeffi cient, since this estimate is unbiased and consistent. Expressions are obtained for the error in estimating the calibration coeffi cient and dependences are presented that allow one to set the required measurement averaging time and the number of readings of the measured signals. The application of the proposed algorithm in the State primary standard of the unit of average power of laser radiation GET 28-2016 makes it possible to improve its metrological characteristics.

In this work we have reviewed the methods for studying the fi eld power density distribution inside microwave heat treatment units and identifi ed shortcomings of these methods. The paper proposes a technique for extending the thermal indication capabilities of standard thermal paper and on its basis we give an example of a study of temperature distribution when a three-layer thermal indicator assembly is heated in a microwave beam-type chamber of about 600 W power. Temperature variations of the optical density of standard thermal paper in the range of 25–400 °C have been obtained experimentally by refl ectance densitometry. Based on the analysis of the temperature dependence of the change in the optical refl ectance, six regions of the standard fax thermal paper conversion were identifi ed: temperature ranges of 25–70; 70–100; 100–150; 150–210; 210–290; 290–400 °С and optical density of 0.06–0.07; 0.08–0.90; 0.91–0.99; 0.71–0.91; 0.21–0.70; 0.20–0.38 B respectively. In the fi rst region the optical density of the thermal paper does not change relative to the initial surface, in the second region there is an initial increase in the optical density. In the third and fourth areas, the maximum optical density is reached due to darkening of the leucodye, while in the third area a “smooth” surface of the thermal paper is observed, and in the fourth area a “velvety” surface of the thermal paper due to formation of microcrystals and clots of the thermosensitive layer material. In the fi fth region, there is a sharp decrease in optical density as a result of discoloration of the leucodye, and in the sixth region, there is a secondary increase in optical density due to carbonization of the paper backing. The results obtained can be used to design microwave equipment as well as to optimize microwave treatment conditions for materials and articles for food, chemical, electronic and other industries. The developed method can also be used in other areas, where it is necessary to make local measurements of the heterogeneity of temperature fi eld distribution when it is impossible to use other methods of thermometry.

The relevance of the work is due to the need to confi rm the basic theoretical assumptions of the linear regime
of thermodynamics, in which, as a rule, a thermodynamic function is used – the change in entropy rate of production. For this function, the extremum principle, the bilinear dependence on force and fl ux for thermal, electrical, diffusion and simplest chemical roblems, as well as the linear dependence of the fl ow on the force corresponding to the fl ow are fulfi lled. The regularities of changes in local entropy rate of production in time and space found from the solution of thermal problems allow us to extend the conclusions obtained to a wider range of physical phenomena due to the identity of the linear laws of Fourier, Ohm, and Fick. The change in local entropy rate of production of simple-shaped bodies in a nonstationary thermal regime under boundary conditions of the third kind is determined. The article is a development of an earlier work of the authors, in which similar problems were analyzed under boundary conditions of the second kind. The well-known analytical solutions of one-dimensional heating problems under boundary conditions of the second and third kind of bodies of simple shape (unlimited plate, sphere and unlimited cylinder) obtained in the approximation of constant properties are used. We consider solutions corresponding to the range of variation of the Fourier number greater than 0.55, which exclude the initial section, and two areas of variation of the Biot criterion: Biot criterion less than 0.1 and Biot criterion tends to infi nity. It is shown that the non-stationary component of
local entropy rate of production corresponds to the extremum principle when approaching a stationary state for the case of Biot criterion less than 0.1 (there is no temperature gradient). It is confi rmed that one of the main assumptions of the linear regime of thermodynamics – the linear dependence of the fl ow on the force in the plate, in an unlimited cylinder and sphere is fulfi lled for the case of Biot criterion tends to infi nity when the contribution of the temperature gradient prevails over the non-stationary component of entropy rate of production. The gradient component of local entropy rate of production depending on the coordinate is determined for these three bodies. The results obtained are applicable to the physics of stationary processes, which can be attributed to the linear regime of thermodynamics, that is, extended, for example, to diffusion and electrical problems. 

The search for new types of resistors that could potentially be used for long-term storage of electrical resistance values with the highest attainable accuracy has always been an urgent task of metrology. In this paper, we have studied the problem of choosing a resistor for transmitting and storing a unit of electrical resistance when creating an ohm standard based on the quantum Hall effect in the time interval between reproductions of a unit. The choice of resistors of the C5-60 type, which were not originally intended for use as standards of higher levels of the electrical resistance verifi cation circuit, is justifi ed. In 1990–2022 detailed experimental studies, including studies of long-term stability, of C5-60 type resistors have been carried out. Some of the investigated resistors are included in the State secondary standard of electrical resistance unit in the range of values from 0.1 Ohm to 13 kOhm based on the quantum Hall effect. Comparisons of the investigated resistors with resistance measures traditionally used to create standards for the unit of electrical resistance are carried out. It has been established that C5-60 resistors have a low temperature coeffi cient of resistance, they are easy to thermostat without a temperature-controlled oil bath. The long-term stability of the C5-60 resistors turned out to be uniquely high and allows these resistors to be used as standards for storing a unit of electrical resistance.

Observed the problems arising in the quality control of raw (oil-well liquid, crude oil and oil-water emulsions) quality in the processes of their production, preparation for transportation and convertion. Was shown, that existing instruments of the crude oil quality control have low accuracy and unsuffi cient speed of measurements of oil characteristics. To ensure the quality of oil and purity of the separated ballast water, their additional purifi cation is necessary. For the express control of characteristics (properties) of oil during mining and preparation for transportation, relaxometer of proton magnetic resonance and multiparametric fl ow measuring complex, including the system of representative sampling has been elaborated. Described the method of nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance relaxometry, сonstruction and algorithm of functioning for measurement complex, as well as the structure and work of proton magnetic resonance relaxometer. Were received equations, describing technical, electromagnetic and schemotechnik parameters of relaxometer. Performed the metrological tests of relaxometer, forming a part of measurement complex with the alternative control of crude oil samples properties by laboratory analytic methods. Were received the following characteristics of oil-well liquid, crude oil, oil-water emulsions and separated from oil stratum water properties: water concentration in the rang 0–100 % with the error ±1 % rel., concentration of salts in water in the range 0–10 g/l with error ±0.2 mg/l, mass concentrations of sulfur S in the range 0.1–8.0 % with error ±0.3 % rel., density ρ in the extended range 700–1100 kg/m3 with error ±1.47 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity in the range 0–350 mm2/s with error ±0,13 mm2/s in the oil samples. Presented measurement complex gives the opportunity for data verifi cation using several PMR-parameters. Elaborated сomplex can be used for control and management of oil mining multifunctional digital automated oil-well, installations for water separation from oil-water emulsions and sewage waters purifi cation. 

As a carrier marker ( 99mTc) for studying the processes of deposition of inhaled substances and their removal from the lungs or mucociliary clearance, which are the leading protective mechanisms of the respiratory organs, albumin macroaggregates are considered as a carrier marker candidate. They are intended for introduction into the respiratory tract by inhalation for dynamic lung scintigraphy. However, its aerodynamic properties, on which the possibility and expediency of such a targeted use depend, have not been studied. To study the aerodynamic properties of albumin macroaggregates and to determine the possibilities of its use in aerosol form for dynamic lung scintigraphy in order to assess the processes of deposition of inhaled substances and mucociliary clearance. An aerosol from a suspension of albumin macroaggregates in distilled water was generated by an ultrasonic inhaler. The dispersion of the generated aerosol was studied by laser spectrometry. The protein content in the initial suspension and dispersible aerosol was determined by the immunochemical method. The shape and morphology of the particles were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The dynamic study of the suspension indicated that its particles are involved in the aerosol generated from the suspension. The dispersion of the latter averaged about 5 μm and did not signifi cantly depend on the concentration of the radiopharmaceutical and did not depend on the studied intensity of dispersion and air fl ow rate in their extreme parameters (minimum/maximum) set using an inhaler. The morphology of albumin macroaggregates particles was characterized by a complex shape and roughness. The aerodynamic characteristics of albumin macroaggregates are not optimal for studying the processes of deposition and mucociliary clearance. However, a fi nal presentation requires a direct assessment of the deposition of the inhaled radioaerosol generated from this preparation. 

The development of cell engineering technologies using various electroporation modes requires knowledge of the electrical characteristics of living cells. Usually, cells are taken from laboratory animals of the same species, and the question of specifi c features of cells electrical characteristics remains open. Using the method of pulsed conductometry in an electric fi eld with rising strength, the electrical characteristics (conductivity, intensity) were measured during electroporation and electrical breakdown of oocytes membranes of mammalian species: Mus musculus (mouse), Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit), Sus scrofa (pig), Bos Taurus (cow) and Homo sapiens (human) were measured by pulsed conductometry in an electric fi eld with rising strength. Mathematical analysis of the experimental dependences of the conductivity of mammalian oocytes based on polynomial approximation was performed. The electrical characteristics of oocytes were obtained as a result of the analysis of approximating polynomials for the presence of maximum curvature (electric breakdown of the membrane), infl ection points and local extrema (degree of reversible electroporation). Signifi cant species differences in the measured electrical characteristics of the studied oocytes were established. The measurement results showed a signifi cant species specifi city of electrical characteristics, refl ecting the different resistance of oocytes to electrical breakdown and the degree of reversible electroporation of membranes, which is probably associated with the peculiarities of their lipid composition, the integrity of the cytoskeleton structure, and the resistance of cells as a whole to the impact of a pulsed fi eld. The results obtained can be used to implement various modes of electromanipulation with a living cell – electrotransfection of DNA, genes, electrofusion, as well as for point lysis of cells with a lost apoptosis mechanism.