Structure and physical principles of operation of the national primary special standard GET 73-2022 designed to reproduce and transfer units of absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate to tissue-equivalent material (water) for X-rays with limiting photon energy from 10 to 60 keV are given; its metrological characteristics are presented. Improved functionality of GET 73-2022 that meets current needs of radiation therapy using low-energy X-rays, including brachytherapy, is described. Absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate to tissue-equivalent material (water) in the standard are measured using ionization method by new primary measuring instruments – standard extrapolation ionization chambers: EK-R for measurements in low-energy X-ray fields of generating sources (X-ray tubes) and EK-I for measurements with brachytherapy radionuclide sources. Dosimetric measurements performed with the primary standard GET 73-2022 meet modern requirements for accuracy and range of units’ reproduction and transfer.

The stages of development and improvement of the upper link in the reference base for metrological support of measuring means for total radiance are considered. The basic principles of reproduction and transmission of a unit of total radiance are stated. Increasing requirements for metrological support of measuring means for an total radiance led to the creation of the new state primary standard for the unit of Infrared Radiance GET 48-2018. A description of GET 48-2018 and its constituent blackbody type based on phase transitions of pure substances: mercury, water, gallium, indium, tin, zinc, aluminum and copper, as well as radiometer-comparators used to transfer a unit of radiance to the working standards and the means of measurement is given. A description of the designs of black body emitters and equipment for the implementation of the required thermal regime is given. The investigations have shown high long-term stability and reproducibility of the developed blackbody emitters based on the reference points of pure substances. To increase the sensitivity and reduce noise in order the optical scheme in the radiometer-comparators has been improved, modern optical-acoustic radiation receivers (Golay cells) and synchronous amplifiers have been used to process the measured signal. It to reduce the error in transfer of an unit of radiance.

Conducted studies within aimed at maintaining the modern scientific and technical level of the metrological characteristics of the primary standard and its components confirm that the values of total radiance, which are 54.36; 100.39; 151.80; 614.96; 1173.4; 4151.0; 13691 and 61282 W/(sr.m2) are reproduced by the standard with an expanded uncertainty, not more than 1.5.10–3 relative units. The state primary standard of the unit of infrared radiance GET 48-2018 leads the system of metrological support for measuring instruments of an energy radiance, which are widely used in the military-industrial complex, space exploration, life support and environmental protection.

The current state of the reference base of the Russian Federation in the field of length and angle measurements is presented. The description and main metrological characteristics of the State Primary Standards of the unit of length – meter GET 2-2021 and the unit of plane angle GET 22-2014 are given. The possibilities of D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology for carrying out calibration, testing for type approval, verification and certification of modern high-precision measuring equipment of length and plane angle, which are based on stabilized laser radiation sources, are described. To this date, the State Primary Standard of the unit of length – meter GET 2-2021 provides transferring of the unit of length to laser radiation sources in the wavelength range from 500 to 1050 nm by the optical frequency comb with hydrogen frequency standard, and laser measuring systems in the range from 1·10–9 to 30 m by the complex of laser interference comparators. The State Primary Standard of the unit of plane angle GET 22-2014 provides transferring of plane angle to such systems in the range from 0 to 360° using a rotary table and digital autocollimators. The necessity of traceability of laser radiation sources and laser measuring systems to State primary standards is substantiated. Further prospects for the development of the reference base in the field of length and angle measurements are considered.

The current state of the metrological infrastructure of the Russian Federation in the field of density and viscosity measurements is analyzed. The State primary standard of units of dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid GET 17-2018 and primary standard of unit of density GET 18-2014 and the ways of their development since their creation are described. The composition, the principle of operation and the main metrological characteristics of the standards under consideration are given. The necessity of updating the state verification schemes for measuring the density and viscosity of liquids is shown. Further stages of improvement of the state primary standards of units of dynamic, kinematic viscosity of liquid and density are considered. Promising areas of improvement of GET 17-2018 – automation of measuring processes – development of an automatic reference system for the expiration time of the test liquid through the capillary of the viscometer, as well as the expansion of the upper limits of the ranges of values of dynamic and kinematic viscosity and the range of pressure values up to 100 MPa. The main task of improving the GET 18-2014 is to create a basis for the development of metrological support methods for measuring the density of gases, including natural gas at an overpressure of no more than 30 MPa and a temperature range of 0... 100 ° C. The results of key comparisons of standards confirming the calibration and measuring capabilities of the Russian Federation in the field of viscosity and density measurements are presented.

The improvement of volt standards based on the Josephson effect as a stage in the development of VNIIM quantum volt standards is described. The creation and improvement of equipment was carried out based on Josephson arrays of the “superconductor – insulator – superconductor” type for reproducing direct current voltages up to 10 V. The results of the development of transportable quantum standards based on Josephson hysteresis-free array of the “superconductor – normal metal – superconductor” and “superconductor – insulator – normal metal – insulator – superconductor” are presented. It is shown that hysteresis-free arrays can be used to reproduce constant voltages, as well as voltages of arbitrary shape by approximating signals with Josephson steps and pulsed sigma-delta modulation, which makes it possible to reproduce voltage with a given level of harmonics. The results of a study of the transfer of a unit of volt to measuring channels of alternating voltage with high-precision analog-to-digital converters from the State primary standard of electric power units in the frequency range from 1 to 2500 Hz GET 153-2019 are presented.

The history of the formation of the reference base and metrological infrastructure of gas analytical measurements in the Russian Federation is presented. The State primary standard of units of molar fraction, mass fraction and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate media GET 154-2019 are described. The new equipment included in the newly approved standard GET 154-2019 is described. The main metrological characteristics of GET 154-2019 are presented in comparison with the metrological characteristics of similar standards of leading national metrological institutes of foreign countries. Information is provided on the participation of the GET 154 standard of different generations in international key comparisons conducted under the auspices of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The assessment of metrological support of gas analytical  measurements in the Russian Federation is given. The current tasks of gas analytical measurements in the field of environmental control, including control of emissions of pollutants, greenhouse gases, atmospheric air and working area air, in the field of the oil and gas industry, including control of the composition of hydrocarbon raw materials and products of its processing, in the field of control of the presence of ethanol vapors in the exhaled air are presented. The role and capabilities of GET 154-2019 in ensuring the uniformity of measurements for the transfer of units of measurement of the content of components to measuring instruments are shown.

Key comparisons of national measurement standard are used for establishing equivalence of measurement standards and confirmation of calibration capabilities declared by National metrology institutes. Key comparison data evaluation is an important part of comparison report. Thе Random Effects Model (REM) algorithm using for evaluation of inconsistent data obtained in interlaboratory comparison is investigated. Methodology of metrological attestation/validation of algorithms is applied, which implies testing the algorithms on typical data models corresponding to some practical cases. Estimates of the following performance characteristics of REM algorithms are obtained by statistical simulation: conditional probability function of the estimator of dark uncertainty as well as its bias and standard deviation. Some practical application of the algorithm, based on results obtained is discussed.

The urgency of the problem of determining the intervals between verification of measuring instruments has grown significantly over the past few years. This is mainly due to the emergence of new regulatory documents, as well as increased competition in the market for measuring instruments. This article discusses the main approaches to determining the intervals between verifications. The tasks currently facing in determining the intervals between verifications are analyzed. The normative documents regulating the procedure for assigning and changing the intervals between verifications are considered. The regulatory, technical and methodological problems in determining the intervals between verifications and calibrations are highlighted. The intervals between verifications for 12 pressure sensors were experimentally determined based on metrological failure tests. The comparison of the results of experimental and theoretical methods for determining the determination of the intervals between verifications is carried out. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop modern approaches in the theory of metrological reliability. To expand the possibilities for determining the metrological reliability of measuring instruments, scientific approaches to determining the intervals between verifications are formulated. The results obtained can be applied during testing to approve the type of measuring instruments.

One of the directions for improving the ITS-90 is investigated – the search for a fixed temperature point, an alternative to the triple point of mercury, for example, the triple point of carbon dioxide. The need for this direction of improvement is due to the signing in 2013 under the auspices of the UN of the Minamata Convention on Mercury and the refusal to produce new measuring instruments based on mercury (liquid mercury thermometers, etc.). The design of the cell for the implementation of the triple point of carbon dioxide has been developed. Implementation methods and results of studies of the carbon dioxide triple point temperature reproducibility are presented. The research results show that it is promising to use the carbon dioxide triple point temperature as the ITS-90 reference point instead of the mercury triple point temperature, as well as the possibility of using it to calibrate both capsule and long-stem standard platinum resistance thermometers.

The article presents the results of measurements of the temperature coefficient of linear expansion and the proportion of heat capacity of tungsten, copper, silver, molybdenum, beryllium, sapphire, carbon-carbon composite material of the TERMAR DF KO brand. Studies of all materials were carried out on the state primary standards of D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM) in recent years. The authors analyzed the stability of the reproduction of properties by materials. The authors analyzed the stability of the properties of materials and established the feasibility of using these materials for the manufacture of means for reproducing and transmitting thermophysical units.

Russian hospitals widely use ⁶⁸Ga radionuclide for malignant tumors diagnostics. Therefore accurate ⁶⁸Ga activity measurements are important for optimizing patient’s dose load and providing the diagnostic procedure efficiency. In this paper we consider the moveable standard dosecalibtrator RIS-3A traceable by ⁶⁸Ga activity unit calibration. Two different traceability path implementations are considered: the direct comparison with the national primary radionuclide activity unit standard and calibration utilizing a gamma spectrometer and standard radioactive sources based on different beta-plus radionuclides. We present expanded uncertainty budgets for both calibration procedures, with direct usage of the national primary standard and via gamma spectrometer and ¹⁸F standard source. The ⁶⁸Ga activity measurements results convergence for both calibration procedures is demonstrated using calibrated standard dosecalibrator. The validity of both procedures is demonstrated. The presented results have practical value and can be used in future work for traceable calibration of instruments for other newly used in radiopharmaceuticals radionuclides.

The issues of reliability of measurement results in laboratory diagnostics, on the basis of which medical decisions are made, are considered. For a correct diagnosis, especially if the measurement results are close to the reference values of the parameters being determined, it is necessary to evaluate the accuracy and/or uncertainty of the measurement results. Therefore, the document ISO/TS 20914:2019 “Medical laboratories – Practical guidance for the estimation of measurement uncertainty” was developed, which follows the GUM methodology, but at the same time sets out a practical approach to estimating uncertainty based on all information available in a laboratory. This article presents an example of estimating measurement uncertainty based on data available in a medical laboratory. Particular attention was paid to the assessment of measurement precision, type A uncertainty. The purpose of the study was to analyze data available for the laboratory and assess the compliance of the obtained measurement results with current requirements. Thanks to the implementation of the ISO/TS 20914:2019 in activities of medical laboratories, it is possible to evaluate the uncertainty of measurement results based on the data available in the laboratory, as well as to evaluate the factors that make maximum contribution to the measurement uncertainty.