The article presents the metrology of high-intensity laser radiation for technological and special equipment. A laser power stabilization system with an output power of 2–1·104 W has been developed and studied. The presented stabilization system makes it possible to reduce the error in the transmission of a unit of average laser radiation power when using a technological laser with an unstable output power as part of the standard. National primary standard for the unit of average laser power GET 28-2022 was approved. Standard includes a laser stabilized in terms of laser power, as well as a reference measuring detector of a thermoelectric type and a measuring beam splitter. The means of transmitting a unit of average power of laser radiation from the range of 1·10–9–2 W to the range of 2–1·104 W, as well as the system for reproducing and transmitting a unit of average power in the range of 2–1·104 W, are studied. In conjunction with the use of the developed industrial laser stabilization system, the power of the laser radiation of the standard was increased from 2 to 1·104 W. The total standard uncertainty of reproduction and transmission of a unit of average laser power of no more than 0.636 % was obtained. The upgraded standard GET 28-2022 allows solving the problems of metrological support for laser systems for various purposes operating in the range 2–1·104, at systems designed for laser hardening and cutting, welding, additive manufacturing, etc.

To improve the computational effi ciency of solving the problem of testing the hypothesis about the distributions of random variables, a modifi ed testing technique is proposed. The technique is based on determining the maximum discrepancy between the estimates of the distribution functions of the compared random variables and further calculation and analysis of confi dence intervals for the found values of the distribution functions. The hypothesis about the identity of the distribution laws is confi rmed if the obtained confi dence intervals at a given level of signifi cance intersect. Based on the results of computational experiments, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson criteria are compared using the formulas for sampling the intervals of values of random variables of Sturges, Heinhold-Gaede, and the modifi ed method. Paired combinations of random variable distribution laws are considered: uniform, Gaussian, lognormal and power law. Competence conditions for the compared criteria for testing hypotheses about the distributions of random variables are established. The modifi ed method allows its generalization to test the hypothesis of distributions of multidimensional random variables. In contrast to the Pearson criterion, the proposed technique allows to bypass the problem of decomposition of the range of values of random variables into multidimensional intervals.

The problem of virtual sensor design is described. The problem arises when physical sensors are defi cient for solving the diagnosis problems or replacing the faulty sensor. The use of physical sensors to achieve the necessary results may be expensive; besides such sensors as a rule are of non high reliability. The problem of robust virtual sensors design in technical systems described by nonlinear models containing non-smooth nonlinearities such that backlash, saturation, etc, subjected to the unmatched disturbances is studied and solved. The relations allowing to design virtual sensor of minimal dimension estimating prescribed component of the state vector of the system and insensitive or having minimal sensitivity to the disturbances are obtained. The virtual sensors can be used in addition to existing physical sensors or for replacing the faulty sensor. Theoretical results are illustrated by practical example of well-known tree tank system. Simulation based on the package Matlab confi rms theoretical results. The obtained results can be used to solve the problem of fault tolerant system design.

The current issues of complex automation of various grain processing and storage facilities are considered. The system of automated control of technological processes of grain storage and processing at the corresponding enterprises is proposed. The use of the system allows you to control the storage and processing of grain and grain products in accordance with the technological regulations, as well as the activities of technical personnel, reduce fi nancial and energy costs of enterprises. Indirect non-destructive methods of control of parameters (humidity and temperature) of grain products are analyzed. The construction of a functional circuit of measuring transducers and the further development of electronic devices of information and measurement systems based on them are discussed. It is shown that the use of such information-measuring systems makes it possible to tighten the control of technological processes and thereby increase the degree of control of technical devices of moisture and thermometry.

The problem of reducing the infl uence of external destabilizing factors on microelectromechanical angular velocity transducers is considered. It is shown that for measurements of small angular velocities of the order of a few tens of microradians per second, it is preferable to use micro optoelectromechanical transducers containing optical readout nodes. The effect of linear acceleration on the characteristics of a frame micro optoelectromechanical angular velocity transducer with two optical readout channels is studied. Two methods of error compensation when the frame micro optoelectromechanical transducer is subjected to linear acceleration are considered. The compensation methods implement gain control and force feedback. Experimentally investigated the readout node based on the optical tunnel effect and used for precision measurement of the amplitude of oscillations of the sensitive element; the function of converting the amplitude of oscillations of the sensitive element into the voltage was obtained. The possibility of forming output signals of the transducer proportional to angular velocity and linear acceleration is shown. For different ranges of angular velocities, the dependences of changes in the gain from the zero offset voltage, proportional to the acting linear acceleration, are presented. A system for compensating the force effect of a destabilizing linear acceleration, consisting of a low-pass fi lter, a proportional-integral regulator, and an additional pair of comb-type electrostatic actuators is proposed. The additional actuators are arranged perpendicular to the actuators that excite the primary vibrations. The estimation of the measurement error of angular velocity when using two methods of compensation is presented. The proposed technical solutions allow increasing the accuracy of angular velocity measurements by micro optoelectromechanical transducers used in navigation and orientation systems of unmanned aircrafts of various types.

The topical problem of expanding the scope of application of elastic scattering lidars for determining the microstructure of the atmospheric surface layer containing polydisperse and nonspherical particles of various nature is considered. It is proposed to interpret the microstructure of the atmospheric layer as an equivalent scattering medium consisting of monodisperse particles. A comparative analysis of two methods for determining particle concentrations in the scattering surface layer of the atmosphere from lidar backscattering signals with simultaneous registration of the angular characteristics of the scattering halo of the probing beam and from the results of contact measurements using a nephelometer is carried out. Within the framework of the equivalent medium model, the microphysical interpretation of the backscattering and extinction coeffi cients measured by the lidar is considered. Within the framework of the equivalent medium model, the microphysical interpretation of the backscattering and extinction coeffi cients measured by the lidar is considered. Methods for determining the concentration of equivalent particles of a model scattering medium with a nephelometer by means of scattering on individual particles in the forward and backward directions are compared. The concentration of equivalent particles is determined from the results of relative measurements of the signals generated by the scattering of light radiation by individual particles, and it is shown that it is proportional to the ratio of the square of the unnormalized fi rst-order moment to the unnormalized second-order moment. It is noted that the unnormalized moments found from backscattering depend on the albedo of the particle, and the unnormalized moments found from forward scattering practically do not depend. It is noted that simultaneous measurements of signals generated by forward and backward scattering of radiation by individual particles make it possible to determine the relationship between the backscattering and extinction coeffi cients necessary for solving the lidar equation, and then use the backscattering coeffi cient to determine the concentrations of equivalent particles. The results of the performed analysis allow an unambiguous comparison of the concentration of equivalent particles with the measured backscatter signal. The results obtained can be applied in the development of remote methods for monitoring aerosol pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere.

The article considers the errors of the passive location method when measuring the background concentration of methane in the atmosphere using the Sun as a radiation source in the area of the northeast of the Moscow region. In the course of processing the measurement results, it was found that, along with random errors, it is necessary to take into account the systematic error due to the infl uence of extraneous factors on the measurements of the methane background concentration when sounding at small angles to the horizon, when the path length noticeably increases. A possible infl uence on the magnitude of the systematic error is the scattering of light by aerosols and other impurity particles present in the Earth's atmosphere. After the introduction of compensation corrections, the systematic error was reduced to values close to zero. The proposed method for monitoring the background of methane makes it possible to carry out measurements over long periods of time with a relative accuracy of a few percent. The results of the measurements are consistent with the results of global measurements and confi rm the trend of increasing the background concentration of methane in the Earth's atmosphere in recent years.

A method of relativistic syntonization is proposed and experimentally investigated, which is designed to transfer the exact value of the frequency to remote quantum clocks, taking into account relativistic effects caused by the potential difference of the gravitational fi eld and the 2nd order Doppler effect. The implementation of the method is based on the use of relocated highly stable hydrogen quantum clocks. The purpose of the experimental study was to assess the accuracy of transmitting the frequency value from the time units, frequency and the national time scale State primary standard GET 1-2022 to a remote consumer located in Evpatoria. The experiment takes into account the initial discrepancy between the frequencies of the master oscillators of stationary and relocated quantum clocks and their temperature shifts along the way. The relative error of syntonization, taking into account all interfering factors, was 4,6∙10–16, which is 37 times less than as a result of code measurements from the signals of global navigation satellite systems, and 25 times less than when using satellite duplex comparisons. The investigated method is proposed for applying in the creation of measuring networks of highly stable quantum clocks.

The existing ways to reduce the errors in measuring the temperature of objects and media with resistance thermometers are considered. These errors are caused by the infl uence of the resistance of the connecting lines. It is shown that the methods used in industry to reduce this effect and the corresponding errors are based on three- and four-wire circuits for connecting resistance thermometers, which complicates the measuring circuits and increases the cost of connecting lines. A two-wire connection scheme is described, which can signifi cantly reduce the infl uence of the connecting line on the accuracy of temperature measurement. This circuit is characterized by simple design and lower cost compared to three- and four-wire connection schemes. To reduce the sensitivity to interference and quantization noise while simultaneously reducing the measurement time, it is proposed to include a digital voltage integrator of the transient discharge process voltage of the capacitor shunting the resistance thermometer in the two-wire circuit. A method for two-wire temperature measurement with resistance thermometers has been practically implemented using the developed algorithm for measuring and processing the results of digital integration of the transient voltage. Multiple measurements of the reference resistance with a nominal value of 1 kOhm were performed using the two-wire temperature measurement method using digital integration and the method based on the assessment of the voltage drop on the resistance thermometer based on the results of measurements at two points of the transient curve. The conducted experimental studies have confi rmed the effectiveness of the method of two-wire temperature measurement using digital integration. The method can be used in systems for monitoring the parameters of the air environment and technological processes.

The results of comparisons of national standards of the unit of propagation velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in solids are presented (COOMET 706/RU-a/16 pilot comparisons). Comparisons were made in 2018–2021 with the participation of national metrological institutes of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and China. The main purpose of these comparisons was to check the measuring capabilities of the participating laboratories, analyze the components of measurement uncertainty, evaluation the reproducibility of measurement results, as well as test the travelling transfer standards, schedules and methods of their transportation. For the fi rst time in the metrology of acoustic measurements in solids, comparisons of six national standards were carried out, in which various methods of excitation and registration of ultrasound (non-contact optical and capacitive methods, immersion piezoelectric method) and various methods of measuring the propagation velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in solids (pulse echo, resonance, through-transmission substitution technique) were implemented. Given the stable reference block characteristics, a hybrid comparison scheme is decided upon. Six test blocks (velocity measures) made of quartz glass, BK8 optical glass and 40X13 steel have been chosen as travelling transfer standards. The measurements of the propagation velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in test blocks were performed at the frequencies 2.25–2.5, 5 and 10 MHz in accordance with the measurement procedure adopted on this standard. The comparisons showed the consistency of most of the measurement results obtained in the participating laboratories. Individual discrepancies in the results of the comparisons may be related to the possible underestimation of the quoted standard uncertainties of measurements by the comparisons participants, as well as the presence of unaccounted for infl uencing factors, which requires additional studies to determine the causes.