We consider the current results in search for and description of temporal variations of fundamental physical constants (FPC) obtained under laboratory and astrophysical conditions. Results in search for constants variations have been obtained with the help of laboratory and astrophysical data. On the basis of fi xed values of base constants, those FPC have been chosen that can exhibit variations of greatest interest from the viewpoints of physics and metrology. An analysis of the current data concerning these constants is performed, and estimates of their variations on large time scales are presented. We point out the signifi cance of studying long-term FPC variations for both practical and fundamental metrology.

The features of self-organization of complex systems of various nature at micro-, meso- and macro-levels, taking into account environmental conditions, are investigated. It is shown that the basis of the environmental impact model in the processes of selforganization is a four-digit measurement logic associated with the likelihood of errors of the fi rst and second kind when compared with measures. Harmonic self-organization is caused by the quantization of infl uences, as a result of which the matrices of measurement-eff ects are transformed into matrices of quantum measurements, characterized by a parameter of the order of generalized golden proportions. Patterns of harmonious self-organization in the form of complexes of elements in matrices are considered, on the basis of which quantum complex scales are constructed that allow classifying elements. Examples of the appearances of harmonic self-organization are given.

The task of detecting elements of group fl ight test objects has been actualized. Its relevance is based on the growing need to provide external trajectory measurements when testing samples of advanced multi-agent systems, the elements of which are aircraft. An analysis was made of the existing algorithms for detecting objects used in modern optoelectronic stations. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that these algorithms do not meet the requirements for testing group objects. As a problematic issue in their application is the complexity of the selection of objects against the atmospheric background. To ensure the detection of objects, it is proposed to use additional highly informative features that refl ect the physical nature of the observed objects. Such features are the features of the shape of the spectrum of light refl ected from various materials. In order to identify them, it is proposed to conduct a preliminary hyperspectral analysis of test objects with subsequent reduction in the data dimension. To eliminate errors that occur during rotation and partial overlap of objects, it was proposed to use neural network methods, in particular, the YOLO v2 neural network detector. A variant of data organization for its training is proposed, as well as a detector architecture that provides high accuracy and rate of information processing. These characteristics of the detector were confi rmed experimentally on the basis of images exported from the model of the session of external trajectory measurements. A procedure for implementing neural network detection of group test objects was proposed. The results obtained are relevant for solving the issues of hardware and software for tracking optoelectronic systems. 

The requirement to increase the reliability of the functioning of machine parts and mechanisms while maintaining their minimum cost is considered. It is shown that compliance with this requirement is possible if the blank parts are obtained by cold stamping. However, these blanks have signifi cant shape errors and residual stresses. The infl uence of the shape errors of the base surface of a box-shaped part made of a stamped blank on the accuracy of manufacturing the part has been studied. It has been proved that large errors in the shape of the base surfaces, which are permissible under the conditions of manufacturing technology and operation, are unacceptable when using such surfaces as measuring bases. To reduce the shape error of a large base surface, it is proposed to base a part from a stamped blank during machining and control along two sections of this surface that are remote from each other. These sections must have a minimum deviation from fl atness, for which they are additionally corrected. The design of the mounting device-stand for the implementation of the method of basing on selected areas of a stamped surface of increased accuracy is proposed. The feasibility of such a basing method is confi rmed by the obtained regression dependencies. The application of the proposed method reduces the shape error of the machined surfaces by an order of magnitude and, accordingly, increases the accuracy of parts manufacturing. 

The problem of controlling the spatial position of machinery in construction is studied. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to improve the safety, quality and speed of work with the help of automated means of monitoring the spatial position of construction equipment. The method of application of the machine vision system to ensure the control of the spatial position of the bulldozer in the area of construction work is described. The method is based on the solution of the geodesic problem of the inverse single angular serif for three equidistant sighting targets of the active type, according to which the local coordinates and spatial position of construction equipment are determined. Methods of digital processing of video images are used to detect and identify sighting targets. The presented control method made it possible to track the planned and altitude positions of the bulldozer and the trajectory of its movement and, thus, automate excavation work. The method was tested using a physical model of a bulldozer. The technical and
metrological characteristics of the machine vision system are determined. The proposed method will be useful for monitoring the spatial position of construction equipment during earthwork.

The problem of automating the measurement of the dynamic characteristics of photodetectors of various types with individual design features has been solved. The relevance of the topic is related to the need to minimize the personalization of measurements of the duration of the transient process of photodetectors, which become a limiting factor with an increase in the speed of information transfer. A method free from subjective visual measurements is proposed for determining the response time of photodetectors to an incident light pulse. To confi rm the operability of the proposed method, numerical simulation was carried out to determine the voltage rise time at the output of the photodetector from the values of the frequencies of its zero harmonics. The possibility of using the developed method for estimating and testing the rate of transient photoelectric conversion has been experimentally established. The proposed method will automate the process of output control in the in-line production of industrial batches of photodetectors.

Issues of global control of greenhouse gases are highlighted, and an overview of satellite, airborne and ground-based monitoring methods is given. It is shown that it is inappropriate to use satellite and aircraft methods to measure the concentrations of local methane emissions due to the low horizontal resolution. It is proposed to determine local methane emissions from natural or anthropogenic sources by ground control methods using a mobile laboratory equipped with a remote lidar. Local path measurements of the background methane concentration in the northeast of the Moscow Region were carried out using
a lidar operating at a wavelength of ~1650 nm with a powerful radiation source based on a Raman amplifi er. The length of the tracks ranged from ~0.6 km to ~3.15 km. The highest background concentration of methane was observed over a livestock farm and over a highway with a solid waste landfi ll, which confi rms the fact of increased gas emission over these facilities. On the highway with gasifi ed houses and a highway with heavy traffi c, there was also an increased background of methane content, which indicates a possible increase in the number of vehicles using methane as a fuel and a possible leak of natural gas from pipelines that provide houses with natural gas. The measurement results are compared with the results of other works. The estimation of errors of the made measurements is carried out. The coincidence on average of the results of measurements of methane concentration for the European region was revealed, taking into account the gradual increase in the background concentration of gas over the past 10–15 years. The measurement technique and results can be used for environmental monitoring of facilities with increased methane emission, leaks from gas pipelines, as well as to prevent explosive situations.

The questions of application of optical quantum standards (quantum sensors) based on cold atoms in satellite navigation are considered. The advantages of placing OFS based on cold atoms in space are described. It is shown that in order to improve the accuracy of measurements using quantum sensors, it is necessary to study their operation in a state of weightlessness or microgravity on special platforms. A review of the main platforms providing microgravity conditions is given. A fundamentally new version of the test platform is proposed – slides of various shapes with a moving trolley. Four confi gurations of slides are described in detail, for each a computer simulation is implemented. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the slides has been carried out, their advantages and disadvantages have been identifi ed, and the most eff ective confi guration has been found. A method for improving the quality of microgravity is proposed, which will be taken into account in the future.

The actual problem of increasing the accuracy of temperature measurement by resistance thermometers has been studied. Existing methods for reducing the errors of these measurements are considered. A method for increasing the accuracy of temperature measurement with a two-wire connection of a resistance thermometer has been studied. An additional error in temperature measurements is due to the resistance of the line connecting the measuring circuit with the resistance thermometer. Reducing the additional error in a two-wire connection is achieved by shunting the resistance thermometer with a capacitor and pulsed power supply to the measuring circuit. The temperature measurement error by the investigated method is comparable to the measurement error using three and four-wire connections. The eff ectiveness of the method is confi rmed by the results of experimental studies on a specially designed stand with author's software. The method can be applied in any industrial temperature control systems.

Monitoring of vibroacoustic signals accompanying various technological processes in many cases allows you to create monitoring systems that provide information about the progress of the process itself, about the condition of the tool, about the need to correct processing modes, etc. However, there are situations when vibration control in the working area is complicated by the conditions of the processing process itself. A vivid example of such a situation is electron-beam doping in a vacuum chamber. The article presents the results of research on the possibility of obtaining vibroacoustic information from the working area of a vacuum chamber using a fl exible waveguide. The infl uence on the transmission coeffi cient of the waveguide of its cross-sectional area, the presence of a seal at the entrance to the vacuum chamber, additional tension is considered. The presented results speak about the prospects of using fl exible waveguides in hard-to-reach places of the workspace.

In this paper, we consider the audiovisual data processing and interaction of two modalities for user’s emotional state prediction in dialogue information systems. The audio modality is used for real-time detection of emotional speech segments. As an indicator of the level of speech emotionality, it is proposed to estimate the intensity of the fl ow of vowels in the user's speech signal at the input of the information system. A novel method for measuring this indicator is proposed by using the empirical probability of the appearance of vowels in the speech signal. An example of its practical implementation in soft real time is provided. Using the author's software, a full-scale experiment was set up and carried out. The advantages of our method in terms of its high speed and sensitivity to the level of users' speech emotionality are shown. The obtained results are intended for developers of modern information systems with an audiovisual user interface.