The problems accompanying the separation of the theory of measurement problems from the theory of measurements are described. The first problem is the problem of harmonization of the definition of the term «measurement» in connection with the confusion between measurements, measurement methods and methods for solving measurement problems in the International Vocabulary or the problem the separation of measurements and calculations. The second problem is the inadequacy of mathematical models of measurement objects. The solution of these problems within the scope of the theory of measurement problems is shown. 

The problem of assessing the conditional (refined) confidence limits of the measurement error using a posteriori information about the measurement results is considered. A comparative analysis of the accuracy of various algorithms for processing a posteriori measurement results obtained using three measuring channels of the same type is carried out. Algorithms for processing the results of three equally accurate measurements by the arithmetic mean and median values, as well as by the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum values are considered. Three parameters were used as a posteriori information: the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the results of three measurements to the accuracy indicator of the measuring channel; the ratio of the minimum to the maximum value of the two differences – the maximum and median or median and the minimum value of the three measurement results; product of the above two parameters. The first parameter characterizes the relative spread, the second – the uniformity of the scattering of the results of three measurements, the third – the density and uniformity of the scattering of the results of three measurements. For three parameters, boundary values are found, relative to which the conditional confidence limits of the error of the algorithms are greater or less than the confidence limits of the unconditional error of these algorithms. From the point of view of accuracy indicators, the use of one or another algorithm for processing three equally accurate measurements is justified, depending on the distribution law of their error. Relationships are proposed for assessing the accuracy of the results of processing these measurements.

The problem of testing the hypothesis about the independence of two-dimensional random variables in the analysis of variable ambiguous functions is considered. To solve it, a technique is used based on a nonparametric pattern recognition algorithm of the kernel type corresponding to the maximum likelihood criterion. The use of this technique makes it possible to bypass the problem of decomposition of the range of values of random variables into intervals. Based on the results of computational experiments, the eff ectiveness of the applied technique was evaluated depending on the type of ambiguous functions, the level of random noise and the volume of initial statistical data. The results obtained are relevant for solving the problem of detecting natural and technical objects using remote sensing data.

The problems of safe loading and transportation of construction and special tracked vehicles on cargo platforms of heavy-duty trailers are highlighted. To improve the positioning accuracy of the specified tracked vehicles on trailer platforms, it is proposed to use a vision system. A fully functional physical model of such a system has been developed, which has been tested with automated control of the spatial position of tracked vehicles during loading onto the trailer cargo platform. The parameters of the spatial position of the equipment that affect the safety of its loading under its own power are revealed. Loading automation is implemented using a videogrammetric device mounted on the transported vehicle and three active-type sighting targets placed on the cargo platform. The technical vision system uses methods of digital video image processing, which made it possible to detect and identify sighting targets with a high probability by the frequency of their flashing. An algorithm for the operation of tracked vehicles under the control of a vision system is proposed, the implementation of which ensures the automation of loading. The operability of this system has been tested using physical models of a heavy-duty trailer and a tracked vehicle platform. The actual technical and metrological characteristics of the vision system have been experimentally determined. It is established that with a base distance of 2.5 m between the sighting targets, safe loading of equipment up to 8 m long on a cargo platform up to 16 m long is ensured.

The actual problem of improving of the lidar measurements accuracy is considered. The influence degree of the atmospheric transmission at the selected laser radiation wavelengths on the lidar signal error for the monostatic aerosol lidar is estimated. Computer simulation of the lidar equation for the elastic scattering by atmospheric aerosol particles for the estimation during vertical remote sensing of the atmospheric boundary layer up to 1500 m was carried out. It is shown that taking into account the measurement error of the extinction coefficient at the selected laser radiation wavelengths leads to the limitation of the ranging distances to obtain a given measurement error of the lidar signal. The results obtained can be applied to the development of new aerosol lidars.

A conceptual approach to traceability of measurements of the energy (power) of a laser beam when calibrating measuring instruments to standards is formulated, algorithms for solving traceability problems are developed, and technical implementations of these solutions are presented. It is shown that the use of a measuring attenuator is an integral part of the scheme for constructing a standard that provides traceability of measurements of the energy (power) of the laser beam. The functioning of the standard with sequential, stepwise and parallel schemes of its construction is considered, which ensures traceability to the State secondary standard of the unit of energy of pulsed laser radiation GVE 2.1.ZZA.0095.2017 and the State primary standard of the unit of average power of laser radiation GET 28-2016. The features of the construction of measuring dividers for the calibration of measuring instruments of low and high levels of energy (power) have been determined. Algorithms for complete calibration of measuring instruments, which have an advantage over element-by-element calibration, are presented.

An algorithm for synchronizing the results of measuring the position of the coil of an electromechanical system (EMS) with measurements of the electromotive force (EMF) of the induction of the EMS coil when implementing the dynamic mode of the Kibble balance has been developed. This algorithm allows the data sets to be scaled to a common time scale without the use of hardware synchronization of data acquisition devices. The algorithm is based on using of the method of numerical differentiation of measurement results using Savitsky-Golay filtering, the selection and minimization of a special objective function by the gradient descent method in the form of a standard deviation between the time values of the EMF of the EMS coil converted as a result of differentiation and subsequent interpolation and the corresponding values of the movement speed the EMS coil. During “Balance” research work, experimental studies were carried out to test the algorithm for processing the results of measurements of the position of the EMS coil and the EMF of the induction of the EMS coil, obtained using the measuring instruments with asynchronous interfaces included in the Kibble balance model. Using the algorithm provides tenfold reducing of the error of the experimental data processing results, due to the lack of synchronization of the results of measurements of the position of the EMS coil and the EMF of the induction of the coil, obtained in the dynamic mode of operation of the created model of the Kibble balance.

The issues of increasing the accuracy of contact conductometers are considered. The main sources of error of the primary measuring transducer of the contact conductometer are described, which include the solution resistance, as well as the polarization resistance and the capacity of the electric double layer, which characterize the electrochemical processes on the electrodes of the transducer. Methods for determining the specified parameters affecting the impedance of the primary measuring transducer are proposed. The first method is based on the analysis of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the active impedance component of the conductive constant cell of the contact conductometer filled with a solution. The second method is based on determining the active component of the impedance of the solution at the resonance frequency, at which the reactive component of its impedance is equal to zero. A third method is proposed, in which the active component of the solution impedance is determined at three different frequencies. It is noted that the second method can reliably determine only the active resistance of the solution. Constant cells are determined by the first and third methods in the same frequency range; the second method uses a frequency several times higher than the upper limit of this frequency range. It is shown that the results obtained by the second and third methods practically coincide and differ significantly from the constant cell found by the first method.

Exact separation of total losses in the magnetic cores of electrical machines into hysteresis and eddy current is a serious technical problem, the solution of which is urgently needed to effectively minimise magnetic losses and, therefore, to increase the efficiency of machines, in particular transformers. To solve this problem, the author proposes the wattmeter method, which can be used in three variants. Each of the variants has its own characteristics. This uses the results of two no-load experiments carried out under different conditions. The methods are based on the fact that eddy current and hysteresis losses depend differently on magnetisation frequency, magnetic flux and temperature. Based on measurements in the no-load experiments at two frequencies, two magnetic flux densities and two magnetic core temperatures, expressions for hysteresis and eddy current losses are obtained. The experimental results obtained by the different methods are consistent with each other. The advantages and difficulties of each method are analysed. It is shown that the combination of methods makes it possible to determine the degree of density index for the magnetic flux in the hysteresis loss power expression (Steinmetz factor) in a particular transformer.

The problem of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the power of electromagnetic oscillations in waveguide paths,which is relevant in the development, maintenance and operation of electronic equipment, is considered. It is proposed to increasethe transmission accuracy by reducing the refl ection coeffi cient of the input of the terminal type power meters and reducing the mismatch error. A multi-probe end-type converter has been developed, which is part of a waveguide thermistor wattmeter. The prototypes of waveguide thermistor power meters withmulti-probe converters in the frequency range 16.7–37.5 GHz have been manufactured and experimentally investigated. It is shown that this wattmetercan be used as a portable and secondary standards for transmitting the size of a unit of power of electromagnetic oscillations or as an initial measuringinstrument as part of working standards, and also used to control the stability of the eff ective refl ection coeffi cient of the output of a pass-through power meter.

The issue of parameters measurements of picosecond electric pulses with bandwidth of 110 GHz and above is considered. It is proposed to use the electro-optic sampling system for the measurements. Several configurations of coplanar waveguide used as a probe in the electro-optic sampling system are presented; dimensions of waveguide with GaAs substrate are calculated. Beam energy values are calculated for the electro-optic sampling system where passed probe beam parameters are under investigation. Optical design is discussed briefly. Some optical components parameters are estimated. The issues of the sensitivity of the electro-optic sampling system and laser beam focusing into spot with a diameter of about tens of micrometers are covered.

Research in the field of monitoring and registration of geophysical disturbances, being a complex scientific and technical problem, is of great applied importance. Perturbations of fluctuating media have a significant impact on the functioning of technical systems for control, safety, navigation, communications, etc. For this reason, the development of methods and tools for monitoring and recording geophysical disturbances is an urgent task in many areas of science and technology. The article discusses a method for registering geophysical disturbances in fluctuating media using a spatially separated radioacoustic generator. The event registration method is based on comparing the phase of the acoustic signal received from the fluctuating medium with the phase of the signal emitted into the controlled environment. The output signal of the phase detector is a DC voltage described by a monotonic function of the phase difference of the input signals. A condition for self-excitation of a spatially separated radioacoustic generator is formulated, which is determined by the general solution of the transient component of a second-order differential equation. The block diagrams of the technical implementation of the method are presented. The principle of registration of disturbances is based on the comparison of the phases of the signals received and emitted into the controlled environment. Based on the results of the experimental study, the phasegram of the output signal of the phase detector is presented as a reaction to the throwing of objects of various sizes into the zone of propagation of the acoustic beam. The results of the study are relevant for the following areas of application: sounding of continental sea and ocean shelves, monitoring of vortex and turbulent disturbances in the airspace of airport runways, control of sea waves and underwater currents in the waters of seaports, detection of foreign objects in protected areas.