The basic stages of creation, formation and further development of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Optical and Physical Measurements (VNIIOFI) are described. The main results and achievements of the institute in the field of development of methods and means of optical and physical measurements are observed.

The reference database of All-Russian research institute for optical and physical measurements, state and calibration capabilities of state primary standards, direction and prospects of their further development are described.

The state primary standard of unit of laser power GET 28-2013 is described. Advanced standard allows to solve actual problems of measurements of power characteristics of semiconductor lasers and laser diodes.

The primary measurement standard of absolute and relative spectral responsivity in spectral range from 0,25 to 14,00 μm was designed by the VNIIOFI in 2014. The metrological specifications and design descriptions of the facilities included in the primary measurement standard are presented. The descriptions of operating principle of the electrical-substitution cryogenic radiometer as well as the method of power spectral responsivity scale realization are given. The technical specifications of cryogenic radiometer and monochromatic source included in the facility for photodetectors power spectral responsivity calibration are given.

The methods and ways of metrological assurance development for optical frequency measuring instruments, the ways of uncertainty reduction for reproduction of optical range frequency unit realization and transfer in optical fiber information transfer systems have been analysed.

The creation preconditions and process of formation of the Center of metrological assurance and conformity assessment of nanotechnologies and nanoindustry products are considered. The Center organizational structure, as well as the structure and functions of its regional and industry departments are described.

The results of development experimental sample of mesure with relief elements size less than 100 nm for calibration of optical, near-field and electron microscopy are presented.

The principles of construction of primary standard detectors and sources of UV-radiation are considered. As the primary standard radiation detectors the double ionization chamber, proportional counter and cryogenic radiometer with electrical displacement are used. Spectral the characteristics of primary standard synchrotron radiation source are described by J. Schwinger theory. The results of international key comparisons confirm the high precision of methods and equipment, developed in VNIIOFI.

The classification of two types of laser beam intensity distribution moments with taking into account the normalizations used during measurement of spatial-energy characteristics of laser beams are considered.

This paper describes the spectral analysis of method of phase shift measurement by interferograms based on differences between them. Such analysis helps to show restrictions of the method and the ways of accuracy increase. The effect of phase shift value and additive noise over phase shift measurement accuracy is considered.

In this paper a method of estimation of spatial and temporal noise levels at phase images acquired by means of shearing interference microscope is described. Experimental results for a microscope working at coherent laser and low-coherent LED radiation are presented.

An optical circuit of low-coherent interference microscope based on a common path shearing interferometer for acquiring the differential phase images of biological objects is proposed. A phase steps method is used for reconstruction of differential phase image of an object. The results of human erythrocyte experimental study are presented.

The experimental installation providinh the high accuracy measurements of radiation power in the range at ~10^-18-10^-15 watts is developed. The use of the calibrated Fresnel attenuator allows to minimize the error of average photons number determination in each pulse of radiation. The results of measurements of positive operator valued measure of the PMT Hamamatsu H7422-40 are presented.

The article focuses on low and medium temperature black body models with operating temperatures 80-1200 K, operating as part of verification systems for preflight calibration of optical radiometric on-board space equipment of infrared wavelength range. The radiation sources with tunable temperature based on fixed temperatures points of phase transitions of melting-solidification of Ga, In, and binary metal eutectic alloys are described.

The review of high temperature standards models of black body developed in VNIIOFI is presented. The radiation sources with tunable temperature and black body models with fixed temperatures based on phase transition of melting of metal-carbon alloys, characterized by high stability, isothermicity and radiant emittance are described.

The application of predetermined currents method (taking in account bends in microwave section) for transient characteristic calculation of GET 178 standard field-forming system is considered. The input assembly design was changed according to calculation results. It allows reproducing standard pulses of electromagnetic field with rise time up to 10 ps. The expanded uncertainty of unit reproduction is no more 2.4 % in the steady-state condition.

The methods and measuring instruments of heavy impulse lightning currents and its metrological assurance is considered in the article. The information concerning new types of measuring instruments with measuring range up to 200 kA which calibration is traceable to National primary special standard of lightning discharge impulse current unit GET 202-2012 is given.

The time-domain methods of electro-physical characterization of radio-absorbent materials, based on ultra-short electric field pulses sounding, has been considered. There is proposed the measuring system by means of which values of reflection and transmittance coefficients of radar-absorbent material could be determined over the frequency range up to 40 GHz.

The possibilities of dynamic light scattering and atomic absorption spectrometry for size and concentration measurement of nanoparticles in liquid media have been extended. New instruments tools and techniques for measuring nanopatricles parameters in biological fluids (plasma and blood) have been developed. The new approach for development of nanoparticle based certified reference materials to ensure the uniformity of measurements in fluorimetry was proposed and implemented.

The operating principles of absolute radiometer MAR-1 as a part of state primary standard GET 86-2010 of irradiance spectral density, spectral intensity, spectral irradiance, radiant intensity and irradiance in wavelength range 0,2-25,0 μm, have been considered. The description of design and electronic system and the results of comparisons of absolute radiometer MAR-1 with the World Radiation Standard are presented.