Definitions of key metrological terms such as “quantity”, “value of quantity”, “measurement unit” are being revised as part of the work on the International Metrological dictionary by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM-WG2), as well as Task Group on Fundamental Concepts in Metrology (CCU-TG-FCM) of the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU). Russian experts are involved in this work. However Russian legal metrology has the definitions of these terms differ significantly from international dictionary. The aim of the work is to investigate the causes of the discrepancy and possible ways of developing this situation. The danger of narrowing and shifting the meaning of terms in comparison with other established sciences, such as physics and chemistry, is shown. Considerable attention is paid to the influence of formal requirements on the evolution of definitions of key metrological terms.

The paper analyzes the evolution of definitions of the discussed terms in Russian, starting with GOST 16263-70 “SSEUM. Metrology. Terms and definitions”, which gives the basis of the system of terms in Russian-language metrology, and finishing no modern definitions. It is shown, that they differ significantly from the definitions of the current third version of the International Vocabulary of Metrology. To find out the reasons for this difference, the mechanisms for developing new definitions in international documents are investigated. The requirements of unambiguity of the terms, machine readability, the principle of substitution, operationality, and others simultaneously imposed on the new definition system are discussed. Some negative consequences of the formal application of the rules of terminology construction, which cause dissatisfaction among a wide range of users, are shown. In conclusion, the article analyzes possible ways to develop a system of terms, one of which is related to the revision of the formal requirements for definitions of metrological terms, as well as shifting the focus to clarifying the objectives of the document and the end user of these definitions. It is concluded that it is necessary to preserve traditional definitions in Russian metrology until the end of the search for a new metrological concept and the development of definitions of key metrological terms that will be accepted by the entire metrological community.

A brief overview of new approaches to characterizing the surface quality of metalworking products is given. These approaches are based on mathematical procedures involving a large amount of computation, including fractal methods. A comparative analysis of methods for estimating the fractal dimension of microprofiles of the surface roughness of a steel alloy part obtained as a result of electric discharge treatment has been carried out. Micro-profiles with a given fractal dimension are formed using the structural and functional method based on Brownian motion. The fractal dimension was calculated by two analyzed methods – spectral and the method of constructing the area-scale function, and compared with a given value. The accuracy of the calculated values is estimated. It is established that when estimating the fractal dimension over the entire frequency range of the signal power spectrum, the spectral method can be used, but the error in determining the fractal dimension will be greater than when using the method of constructing the area-scale function. In addition, when estimating the fractal dimension of the roughness of the surface profile of a material by the spectral method, additional filtering, smoothing and centering using weight windows is required, which leads to signal truncation.

Truncation distorts the high-frequency components of the signal and underestimates the fractal dimension. It is established that the estimation of the fractal dimension of real microprofiles of surfaces by constructing the area-scale function is more correct than estimating this value using the spectral method. Therefore, to determine the fractal dimension of microprofiles of surfaces, it is recommended to use the method of constructing the area-scale function. The results obtained will be useful in processing measurement information in accordance with modern standards in the field of geometric characteristics of surfaces, including in the development of software for measuring roughness.

The issues of developing urbanized territories in terms of managing the city's green fund are examined. The effectiveness of green fund management depends on the reliability of measurement data on dendrometric tree parameters, including tree trunk diameter. Municipal regulatory legal acts on the establishment, maintenance, and protection of green spaces set requirements for the accuracy of tree trunk diameter measurements. Modern methods and instruments for measuring tree trunk diameter, used in monitoring and inventorying urban green spaces, are analyzed. Current methods for measuring are inefficient due to the wide variety of tree species (including unique ones) and the need to account for numerous factors affecting the growth of each tree. The advantages of using a mobile laser scanner for measuring tree trunk diameter based on its three-dimensional measurement model are discussed. The main sources of measurement error in determining tree trunk diameter in urban green spaces using the Zeb-Horizon laser scanner are described. To update the method for measuring tree trunk diameter with the Zeb-Horizon mobile laser scanner during green space inventories, robust design is proposed. An Ishikawa diagram was constructed to summarize and visually interpret the cause-and-effect relationships among error sources. Using the Ishikawa diagram, key sources influencing measurement error that need to be evaluated experimentally were identified: “Track type”, “Distance between adjacent passes”, “Convergence”, and “Rigidity”. The results of robust design were presented in the context of updating the method for measuring tree trunk diameter using the Zeb-Horizon laser scanner. Optimal conditions for geodetic survey of urban green spaces were formulated: the track type should align with “Road and trail network” or “Converging spiral”, the distance between two adjacent passes should be 4–20 m; the maximum value of the “Convergence” parameter when processing primary data using specialized software 4–5 units; the value of the “Rigidity” parameter based on information about the presence of undergrowth and shrub vegetation in the area 0–5 units. The draft of method for measuring formulates procedures for preparing and conducting tree trunk diameter measurements during green space inventory.

The concept of a weighing cycle required to exclude the drift of the indicated balances from the weighing result is considered, with the drift of the indicated balances considered linear. It is established that the deviation of the actual drift of the indicated balances from linearity can lead to a noticeable methodological error in the measurement results. It is noted that the currently achieved accuracy of measuring the primary masses of standards and their copies, as well as the accuracy of watt-balances, no longer allow us to consider the drift of the indicated balances to be linear. When providing experimental data confirming deviations from the norm, balances are shown from the lines. When calculating the difference in the corresponding masses using linear and nonlinear drift models, the discrepancies can be about 10 μg, which leads to the standard deviation of the measurement results by at least one or two orders of magnitude. You provided formulas for calculating the results of measuring the difference in the mass of the weights being compared, which are valid not only for linear but also for nonlinear drift of the readings. In order to disseminate the concept of weighing cycles in the metrological concept for the case of nonlinear drift, scales are shown, developed weighing cycles of five and six simple weighings of comparable weights, allowing to avoid the consequences of nonlinear drift. These cycles are studied by the method of mathematical modeling and are verified experimentally by the results of weighing on the vacuum comparator SCL1007 from the State Primary Mass Standard – Kilogram SPMS 3-2020. The obtained results will be useful to specialists in scientific research in the field of metrological measurements of mass.

For metrological support of the unit of average power of laser radiation, standard and working measuring instruments based on thermal sensors (calorimeters) are often used. Such instruments allow to reproduce the unit with high accuracy in a wide spectral range, as well as to carry out routine measurements of the laser power. But exist problem of application for measurements is thermal sensors is high inertia of thermal processes, which greatly increases the total time of measurements and is critical in many of applications, such as measuring the parameters of high-intensity radiation. In the paper, using the example of the thermal sensor PMT-25-50, the factors influencing the speed of sensors are considered. A method for reducing the thermal sensor time constant by optimizing the design of the thermolelemetn. However, it is not always advisable to increase the response time by optimizing the thermal sensor design. Mathematical methods for processing the thermal sensor signal are proposed to obtain a fast asymptotic estimate of the measured power. The proposed methods were tested on the PMT-25-50 and PMT-45-10K thermal sensors, which are an integral part of the laser power measurement device (developed by the All-Russian Research Institute of Optical and Physical Measurements). The paper presents the results of the study of the metrological characteristics of the PMT-25-50 sensor and its time characteristics before and after the application of the above-mentioned signal processing methods. The use of the proposed signal processing methods made it possible to reduce the time of measurements by 3-4 times. The proposed solutions are relevant in the metrology of highintensity laser radiation, which is used to control the radiation parameters of industrial lasers and laser medical equipment.

Increasing accuracy of weight-in-motion measurements is considered. Mass of moving objects is calculated through the measurement of unsteady force with the help of one-component strain-gauge dynamometers. It is shown that existing methods of dynamic weighing enable the measurement of non-stationary forces with an uncertainty exceeding 10 %. Such high error is related to the fact that, with higher speed, the accuracy of dynamic load measurements becomes more dependent on dynamical characteristics of the one-component strain-gauge dynamometer. New methods of dynamic load measurement eliminating the systematic error related to the dynamometer’s own dynamics have to be developed to increase mass determination accuracy. Two methods for weight-in-motion measurement of the mass of loads moving on the sensitive platform of a one-component strain-gauge dynamometer at high velocities are developed. Mass determination is carried out over a wide frequency range of the dynamometer, including the natural frequency. In order to apply the first method, only the dynamometer readings in the vicinity of the given point of time for calculating first and second time derivatives of the readings and the dynamical parameters of the dynamometer determined in laboratory conditions are required. To use the second method, it is necessary to first determine the natural frequency of the dynamometer with a platform, and then the frequency of the platform with the moving load. Then, measurement data obtained through methods one or two are used for calculating the mass. Average error in determining the mass using the first method was 2.8 %, and using the second method – 4.1 %. At the same time, the error did not exceed 6.0 %. The developed technology for determining the mass of moving objects can be implemented in weighing hardware for the use in many areas of industry, trade, agriculture and other.

The article considers the determination of thermal properties of a sample of various materials based on the results of measuring the temperature of a reference body (standard). The existing method for determining the thermal properties of a sample in a system of three contacting bodies "standard – sample – standard" (in a three-layer system) includes complex calculation formulas and labor-intensive experimental techniques. Therefore, this method must be simplified. An express method for determining the thermal properties (thermal and thermal diffusivity) of materials using a two-layer "sample – standard" system is theoretically substantiated. For large Fourier numbers, the standard temperature depends on one input parameter, which is determined by the ratio of the dimensionless thermal conductivity to the dimensionless thermal diffusivity. If the above parameter is taken as an independent variable, the time dependence of the standard temperature at a selected point contains a straight-line section, which allows one to quickly find a good approximation for the coefficients included in the mathematical model of the thermal energy transfer process in a two-layer system. For this system, an exact solution of the heat exchange problem during heating by a constant heat flow is obtained and an algorithm for solving the inverse problem is constructed: determining the thermal and thermal diffusivity of the sample under study based on the results of measuring the temperature of the standard. The efficiency of the algorithm is shown using a specific example. The results of calculations with the found coefficients are consistent with experimental data in the entire range of variation of the Fourier number. The proposed method can be implemented in thermophysical instrumentation.

Within the framework of a dynamically developing direction of research in the field of acoustic measurements – analysis and evaluation of parameters of the excitation signal of acoustic oscillations in the vocal tract of a speaker – the problem of coding a voice source of speech with data compression based on a linear prediction model is considered. Using the criterion of minimum average the voice source power in the speech production process, the problem is reduced to real-time coding of the linear prediction error signal. A new method of voice coding has been developed: with clipping of the linear prediction error, which is not associated with computationally expensive procedures for measuring the initial phase and frequency of the fundamental tone of the speech signal. An example of its technical implementation in soft real-time mode is considered. A full-scale experiment was set up and carried out, during which a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the proposed method and the widely used discrete cosine transform method was performed. It is shown that due to the weakening of data compression artifacts in the reconstructed speech signal, the accuracy of coding the voice source using the developed method is one and a half to two times higher, and there is no need to detect vowel sounds of speech and pauses in the speech signal. The obtained results will be useful in the development of new and modernization of existing systems and algorithms in the fields of automatic speech processing and synthesis, mobile speech communication, artificial intelligence and other applications of speech technologies with data compression based on the linear prediction model.

traditional amplitude calibration, which is why its results depend on the art of the experimenter. A calculation method for determining the phase response of a hydrophone is proposed, which makes it possible to reduce the labor intensity of its periodic calibrations. Based on the experimentally confirmed applicability of the minimum-phase system concept to a hydrophone, the calibrated hydrophone is represented by a model in the form of an advance link and a minimum-phase fourpole network. Based on the results of the primary calibration, the equivalent radius of the hydrophone determine. No phase measurements are performed during periodic calibrations. The amplitude response of sensitivity is determined, according to which, using the Hilbert transform, the minimum phase response of the hydrophone is calculated. The phase response of the hydrophone sensitivity is obtained as the sum of the minimum phase response and the frequency dependence of the phase incursion of the sound wave during its propagation in water over a distance equal to the equivalent radius of the hydrophone. An experiment to determine the equivalent radius of a hydrophone is described. Using the calculation method, the labor intensity of periodic verification is reduced many times over, the load is reduced, and the resource of a specialized measurement standard is saved, since the need to use high-rank standards during periodic calibrations disappears.

Modern computerized systems for the diagnosis of skin neoplasms are mainly focused on issuing recommendations to patients, but the application of designated systems in clinical practice remains limited. It is supposed that it is connected with the lack of qualitative researches of such systems and low trust of doctors to non-transparent mechanisms of their work. The creation of a medical decision support system based on the logic of the doctor's diagnostic search can solve this problem. An important task of the system is to recognize the color of globules of skin neoplasms, but the methods of solving the task have not yet been described in scientific publications. The application of the method of automated color recognition of globules on dermatoscopic images of skin neoplasms is considered, which allows recognizing globules by color in accordance with a palette of 7 colors (blue, yellow-white, brown, red, orange, nude, black). An original set of 9 color features has been developed as part of this method. The Random Forest method was applied to classify the images based on the feature (globule color). According to the results of the experiment conducted with a sample of 313 images, the classification accuracy was 91 %. The developed method can be implemented programmatically within the framework of a modified pattern analysis algorithm, and this method can also be used as part of a medical decision support system for the diagnosis of skin cancer.

Accurate measurements of the content of nitrosamines in food products, pharmaceuticals, and water can guarantee the quality of these products and drinking water. In order to provide accurate measurement results to the population, it is necessary to have, and in the absence of, the creation of metrological support tools and methods that guarantee accurate measurement results. By the time work began on the creation of standard samples of nitrosamines in the field of food quality assurance, the validity period of previously created ones had expired many years ago, i.e. There were no metrological support facilities.

This article is devoted to the topic of determining the content of nitrosamines in food products using measurement methods and reference samples and presents the issues of ensuring metrological traceability of nitrosamine measurement results. As a result of the work done, the content of nitrosamines in standard samples was determined, which will allow accurate measurement of the content of nitrosamines in food. The article consists of four interrelated parts and its purpose is to find answers to the tasks outlined above. The characteristics of the developed standard samples of the composition of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), the composition of N-dipropylnitrosamine (DPNA), the composition of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and the certified measurement method are given. The results are relevant for the development and application of standard samples of the composition of nitrosamines, certification of measurement methods to meet the needs of the national economy. Methods and means of metrological support of measurements of nitrosamines in food products have been created.

he basis for three successive revisions of the State Verification Scheme for instruments measuring the content of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials was the improvement of the State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotope dilution and gravimetry. During each revision, the structure and content of the current document were critically analyzed and attempts were made to optimize the form and content of the State Verification Scheme and adapt one to the specific features of organic analysis. The historically established rules for constructing verification schemes (in accordance with the Standards of the Russian Federation) are well suited for describing the transfer of units of physical values, but have a significant gaps in terms of transferring units of quantity of a substance. The article presents an overview of the main changes which were introduced in the process of functioning and improvement of the State Primary Standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotope dilution and gravimetry from its inception to the present day. The causes and consequences of the changes are reflected. Special attention is paid to the role of State Verification Scheme in ensuring the equivalence of measurements and the formation of a metrological traceability chain to the basic SI unit – mole. The key role of CRMs of composition for metrological support in the field of organic analysis and the importance of harmonization of domestic and international concepts of ensuring the equivalence of measurements are noted. The obtained results are useful for realising the specifics of organic analysis and the features of metrological support for this area of measurements.

The study focuses on the metrological support of rheological measurements of liquid media, particularly the updating of the reference value viscosity of water used in viscometer calibration. The need to update the reference value viscosity of water is justified by the fact that existing reference data on its value, presented in various sources, are quite fragmented, which may lead to inconsistencies in rheological research. The step-up calibration method, used to determine the constants of measuring instruments, is examined. The study substantiates the necessity of updating the documents OIML D 17:1987 “Hierarchy scheme for instruments measuring the viscosity of liquids”, GOST 21727-76 “Water. Viscosity at 20 °C”, and GSSSD 6-89 “Tables of Standard Reference Data. Water. Dynamic viscosity coefficient at temperatures of 0...800 °C and pressures ranging from those corresponding to a rarefied gas to 300 MPa”, due to their use of outdated values for the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of water. The influence of reference viscosity values on the measurement capabilities of the Russian Federation is investigated. Data from key comparisons on viscosity conducted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, CCM.V-K4:2018, demonstrating the equivalence of laboratories, are presented. The obtained results contribute to improving the accuracy and consistency of viscosity measurements in the Russian Federation, which is crucial for ensuring measurement uniformity in industry and scientific research.