The relationship of the redshift dipole anisotropy in the emission spectra of extragalactic sources and microwave background radiation with gravitational dipoles of large–scale inhomogeneity of the “super cluster of galaxies – super void” type, in which the objects of the pair are located in opposite regions of the celestial sphere, creating an imbalance of gravitational interaction, is analyzed. The union of five gravitational dipoles is considered as a Galactic polar gravitational dipole giant – not only as the cause of the asymmetry of the galactic hemispheres with respect to the dipole anisotropy of the redshift, but also as the cause of the dipole anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Based on the results of solving measurement problems related to the identification of the cosmological distance scale based on the redshift in the emission spectra of extragalactic objects, the Local Group considers the anomalous violet shift of 37 galaxies forming alternating concentric circular bands around the North Galactic Pole with 167 other redshifted galaxies. It is hypothesized that the anomalous violet shift may be the result of the action of a gravitational dipole along the line “Local void → Shapley Attractor+ Shapley super cluster + Virgo super cluster” and the gravitational interaction of the most massive galaxies of the Local Group – the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies.

A convenient method for studying the influence of disturbing factors on Earth’s rotation, such as influence of oceans, atmosphere and hydrology, is representation of the Earth’s rotation equations in the excitation equations form, which was introduced by W. Munc and G. Macdonald. Traditionally, these factors are taken into account in two stages: first, an exact solution is found for an equation of the unperturbed rotation for given Earth’s model, and then the influence of small perturbation factors is taken into account in the form of corrections to the exact solution of unperturbed Earth’s rotation. The equations of unperturbed rotation for most modern theories of Earth’s rotation (and, possible, futures too) can be written in the form of matrix linear differential equations. The purpose of this study is to take into account the influence of small perturbations such as oceans, atmosphere and hydrology on Earth’s rotation in newly created theories of Earth’s rotation. A fairly general algorithm of converting perturbed equations in matrix form to the form of the excitation equations has been developed and presented. As an example, this method was applied to the relatively simple equations of the Sasao, Okubo and Saito theory based on the original Earth’s model of Molodenskii. The equations for finding corrections to the original solution are reduced to the form of excitation equations. The developed algorithm is proposed to be used to transition to equations in the form of excitation in newly created theories of the Earth’s rotation.

The methods of increasing the accuracy and efficiency of the production process, as well as ensuring high quality of final products in the grain processing industry, are investigated. It is shown that to solve the problem of insufficient quality control of grain materials, an automated system for monitoring the properties and characteristics of bulk granular materials is necessary. The features of the construction of automatic and automated systems for monitoring the properties and characteristics of bulk granular materials are considered. Measurement methods and control devices of the main technological parameters used in the management of grain processing facilities are briefly described. It is proposed to include a flow moisture meter in the automated grain moisture control system. The physical properties of grain and grain materials, measurement conditions and instrumentation for grain moisture control are analyzed. The use of devices based on the dielkometric method in the subsystem of an automated process control system is discussed. The application of intelligent sensors of a measuring system with a complex multilevel hierarchy is described. The structure of the interconnection of measuring devices for intellectual support of humidification processes and quality control of the studied materials is given. A functional diagram and metrological characteristics of a prototype grain moisture monitoring device, a flow moisture meter, are presented. The metrological characteristics of this device meet the requirements of the grain processing industry and allow it to be used as part of a humidity control system

The current state of metrological support for precision optical density measurements is described. In order to analyze the principles of building optical schemes, structural, constructive and functional features of the blocks included in the standards, and metrological characteristics of national standards of optical density units, high-precision optical density measuring instruments developed by national metrological institutes of Russia, Germany, China, and the USA are considered. The equations of optical density measurements are presented, which are a mathematical model of the process of measuring the optical transmittance density of materials. The principles of operation of optical transmittance density unit standards based on light fl   fi ration are described. The data of studies of geometric and spectral characteristics of fi national standards of optical density units of four countries are presented, as well as optical schemes and characteristics of standards in the following areas are analyzed: compliance with international standards; features of optical schemes; methods of fi the luminous fl and creating scattered radiation; features of object positioning; type of radiation receiver; metrological characteristics. Information is provided on the participation of national standards in international comparisons. The metrological characteristics of these national standards are summarized in a table. Taking into account and using the considered features of optical schemes, design solutions in conjunction with the metrological characteristics of the described devices contributes to an increase in the level of development while improving the State primary standard of the unit of optical density GET 206-2016.

The article is devoted to the study of changes in the relationship between the transverse and longitudinal scales of images. The possibility of changing the classical quadratic relationship between the longitudinal and transverse scales of images is considered, while when using traditional imaging methods in classical optics this is impossible due to the homogeneity and isotropy of space. An analysis of image scale transformations for optical schemes of Fresnel holography using spatially incoherent radiation has been carried out. It is shown that recording a Fresnel hologram allows one to change the ratio between the transverse and longitudinal scales of the reconstructed image within a fairly wide range. The results are relevant for use in those areas of science and technology that require the creation of images that reflect real-world objects as accurately as possible without distortion, for example, in the field of medical imaging.

A system of automatic control of the substrate temperature is proposed, which ensures the required accuracy of temperature maintenance and its minimum gradient over the surface when obtaining transparent conductive coatings by spray pyrolysis. During pyrolysis, aerosol droplets are transferred to a heated substrate; at the right temperature, they decompose, and then synthesize or melt on a hot substrate. The ideal temperature regime for evaporation of aerosol droplets will be the mode when a drop appears at the substrate immediately after evaporation of the solvent from it. Precise control of the substrate temperature and temperature gradient ensures this mode. The functional scheme of the proposed automatic control system consists of an automatic temperature controller, a power regulator, an infrared heater on halogen lamps, and a temperature sensor. The variational problem of minimizing power consumption when the infrared heater is turned on has been solved. This activation eliminates current emissions and thereby increases the service life of the heater. It is proposed to connect the heater to a current source in order to eliminate current emissions, thereby ensuring the optimal switching mode. The synthesis and analysis of the specified automatic control system has been performed, its time and frequency parameters have been calculated. Acceptable performance, zero static control error and zero overshoot, a significant margin of stability in phase and amplitude have been confirmed. The use of such an automatic temperature control system contributes to the creation of an optimal mode of evaporation of aerosol droplets, allows you to stabilize the substrate temperature and temperature gradient, thereby ensuring the stability of the characteristics of the resulting films. The investigated transparent conductive coatings are part of glasses with adjustable transparency, and are also used as layers of solar cells.

The current parameters coordinate-time measuring instruments calibration methods of global navigation satellite systems are considered. For coordinate-time measuring instruments calibration in the process of their development and testing, the global navigation satellite systems signals simulators are used. However, the simulators also need a calibration procedure. Currently, there are various methods for ensuring the metrological characteristics of simulators, including their calibration using oscilloscope. However, this method has not only advantages, but also limitations related to the use of an oscilloscope. VNIIFTRI develops a new reference measuring device – the calibrator of the global navigation satellite systems simulator. Since the work of the calibrator is based on the same principles as the work of the navigation receiver and the calibrator determine the time delay of accepted signal from the calibrated simulator, it is extremely important to accurately evaluate the own group time delay of the calibrator by the reception circuit and develop the methodology of determining the determination this metrological characteristic. The schematic solutions used of creating a calibrator include digital blocks, such as digital-analog or analog-cyphrane converters. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the group time delay in the input circuit of the calibrator containing an analog-digital converter. Traditional group delay estimation methods using S-parameters are not suitable for this purpose because they cannot compare analog and digital signals. This article has developed an indirect method for assessing the grouping time delay in the calibrator input circuit. The method proposed by the authors determines the group time delay time in the reception of the calibrator according to the circuit transition characteristic. The method is verification and calibration of measuring equipment using the input and output signals with an analog-digital converting. Using the proposed method, the group time delay in the calibrator circuit containing an analog-digital converter is estimated. The results of studies are given by the proposed method of this parameter of circuits with various microwave devices (power splitter, circulator). The proposed method allows you to obtain accurate assessments of the frequency characteristics of the measuring devices circuits and normalize their metrological characteristics.

Within the framework of the traditional direction of research in the field of acoustic measurements, an autoregressive model of the vocal tract as a key link in the human speech apparatus is considered. The acute problem of ensuring the stability of the autoregressive model in systems with adaptation of its parameters to the observed speech signal of short duration is pointed out. To overcome this problem, the task was set of testing the stability of the autoregressive model and adjusting its parameters based on the results of this testing. The study is based on the author’s method of formant analysis of vowel sounds of speech through the synthesis of a recursive shaping filter in the free oscillation mode. To solve sated task, a method is proposed for testing the stability and adjusting the parameters of the autoregressive model of the vocal tract based on a two-stage algorithm for its transformation. At the first stage of transformation, the stability of the autoregressive model is tested using the impulse response of the shaping filter. At the second stage, if the stability of the autoregressive model is violated, its impulse response is modified by element-by-element multiplication by a variable exponential value that asymptotically converges to zero. A regular algorithm has been developed for recalculating the modified impulse response into an adjusted vector of autoregressive parameters at the second stage of transformation. Based on the results of experimental testing of the proposed method, it was concluded that guaranteed stability of the autoregressive model of the vocal tract has been achieved with minimal distortion in the frequency domain. The results obtained are useful in the development and modernization of automatic speech recognition systems, digital speech communications, artificial intelligence and other information systems that use data compression and speech coding based on an autoregressive model of the vocal tract in automatic speech signal processing.

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging is a modern method for detecting pathological changes in the patient’s tissues. However, images with quantitative characteristics are not widely used due to the limitation of the accuracy and reproducibility of the measured values. The purpose of this work is to formulate the metrological problem of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and to ensure the reliability of research based on the analysis of practical approaches to quality control of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. As part of the work performed, an analysis was carried out of the use of phantoms as means to ensure quality control of certain parameters of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. The importance of validation was noted, the metrics used to control the quality of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging were highlighted, an overview of examples of clinical studies using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was presented. It was found that accurate calibration and testing of magnetic resonance imaging scanners, as well as verification of image analysis tools, are necessary for the use of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging data in clinical practice.