The necessity of the development of metrological support for measurements of the content of gas components in metals and alloys, trace impurities in various industrial facilities (metallurgical, medical, etc.) is analyzed. The needs of industries in the development of more sensitive measurement methods and techniques, standard samples of expanded nomenclature with a lower error (uncertainty) of the certifi ed characteristics than the error of the certifi ed characteristics existing today are studied day of standard samples of the approved type of composition. The standard samples being developed for use in the fi eld of state regulation should be traced to the primary standards of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration: the State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods GET 196-2023, the State primary standard of units mass (molar, atomic) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on coulometry GET 176-2019, State primary standard of units of mass fraction and mass (molar) concentration of inorganic components in aqueous solutions based on gravimetric and spectral methods GET 217-2018, State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotopic dilution and gravimetry GET 208-2019.

The need and ways of developing and creating a system of metrological support for Raman spectrometry in the Russian Federation, including in order to confi rm the traceability of units of quantities for quantitative Raman analysis, are analyzed. To solve these issues, the GET 196-2023 includes sulfur, carbon and hydrogen analyzers, an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and a Raman complex. The composition and metrological characteristics of GET 196-2023 are presented. A draft state verifi cation scheme for measuring the mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration, as well as the fl uorescence of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods has been developed and presented. The draft of the state verifi cation scheme establishes the procedure and methods for transferring units of mass (molar) fraction of components (in absolute units), mass (molar) concentration of components (grams per cubic decimeter, mole per cubic decimeter) from GET 196-2023 to measuring instruments indicating the error and uncertainty of measurements. Also, with the help of secondary and working standards, relative units of fl uorescence are transmitted to measuring instruments.  

The article is dedicated to research in the fi eld of measuring the dielectric parameters of materials. The aim of the research is to study promising methods for measuring the complex dielectric permittivity of weakly absorbing materials in the decimeter wavelength range, as well as the non-resonant method for measuring the dielectric parameters of materials with high dielectric losses. In order to achieve the set goal of improving the state primary standard of complex dielectric permittivity in the frequency range from 1 to 178.4 GHz, tasks were set to expand the frequency range to 0.1 GHz and the range of reproducible values of the dielectric loss tangent to 10^–1. As a result of the improvement, new equipment was introduced into the composition of the standard, and new measurement methods were developed. To measure the complex dielectric permittivity of weakly absorbing materials in the decimeter wavelength range, a resonant measurement method in a coaxial resonator with a shortening capacitive gap and a measurement method in a bulk H₀₁₁-resonator with dielectric fi lling were developed. To measure elevated dielectric losses up to 10^–2–10^–1, a measurement method using a non-resonant measuring transducer based on a shielded dielectric waveguide with a measured dielectric sample as such a waveguide has been developed. The developed methods are applied in the Primary standard of complex dielectric permittivity in the frequency range from 0.1 to 178.4 GHz, GET 110-2023. The frequency range of the standard is 0.1–178.4 GHz, the range of reproducible values of relative dielectric permittivity is 1.2–500, dielectric loss tangent 10^–8–10^–1. The scope of application of GET 110-2023 is metrological support of dielectric control in production of radio frequency cables, telecommunication equipment, electronic components, etc.

The accuracy of measurements of the mass concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide and the requirements for the accuracy of such measurements, namely, the relative error of measurements of the mass concentration of carbon dioxide (about 10 %) at the enterprises of the Russian industry are investigated. The issues of ensuring the uniformity of measurements and achieving metrological traceability of the measurement results of the mass concentration of carbon dioxide in liquid media to the state primary standard are considered. The State primary standard of units of mass concentration of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide in liquid media GET 212-2023 is described. The GET 212-2023 includes new technical means: systems of gas supply and gas mixing of carbon dioxide, measurement system of dissolved carbon dioxide. Gas supply and gas mixing systems implement the reproduction method. A software-controlled measuring system is used to measure the mass concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide. A method of reproducing the unit of mass concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide based on the Henry-Dalton law is described. The results of studies of metrological characteristics of GET 212-2023 are presented. For the fi rst time, the fundamental possibility of reproducing the unit of mass concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in the range from 0 to 15 g/dm³ with a relative non-excluded systematic error not exceeding 2.5% has been achieved in the Russian Federation. GET 212-2023 will ensure current requirements in various industries, such as food, pharmaceutical and chemical, as well as in the fi eld of environmental protection, electronics and semiconductor technologies.

The actual task of analyzing the features of measuring systems and their metrological support is formulated. Promising directions for the development of measuring systems, including virtual ones, were considered. An analysis of such areas of development of measuring systems as remote and synchronized vector measurements, cloud technologies, the Internet of Things, big data and artifi cial intelligence was carried out. An analysis of some innovative solutions was carried out, based both on the use of biological sensors and on the use of hybrid metrology - on the introduction of structural redundancy in the composition of measuring systems, as well as temporary and algorithmic redundancy in the software of measuring systems. As a result of the review, it is concluded that the integration of component functions is an objective diffi culty in highlighting measuring systems as part of complex technical systems, but gives more and more new capabilities to technical systems with measuring functions. An analysis of such areas of improvement of metrological support of measuring systems as self-diagnostics and self-monitoring, remote and automated calibration and verifi cation, the use of digital twins, big data and artifi cial intelligence, as well as the establishment of adaptive intervals between calibrations and checks was carried out. The conclusion concludes on the need to minimize bureaucratic procedures, automate metrological procedures, and the expediency of switching from periodic to adaptive procedures, mainly without human participation.

The paper describes a method of accuracy improvement for multi-axis NC-controlled technological and measurement systems. Such systems are essentially cyber-physical in conditions of integration of calculations into physical processes in modern digital production. Volumetric accuracy – ability of a system to precisely reproduce a complex geometrical surface – is an important characteristic of multi-axis systems. Both measurement devices and methods of error correction are being improved by up-to-date researchers. The paper considers a method of convenient visualization of large amounts of collected data and an approach to improve volumetric accuracy by means of volumetric error compensation. The considered visualization method provides valuable data on multi-axis system’s accuracy characteristics and information about infl uence of various error components on multi-axis system’s error map. The accuracy improvement approach was implemented by original software. The experiments confi rmed accuracy improvement and low time and material costs of the method. The proposed method and approach are basis for consolidation of accuracy information collected from various multi-axis systems into united enterprise network and offers possibilities for artifi cial intelligence employment in order to develop new and advance existing technologies.

The work is devoted to the development of image processing algorithms for measuring a three-dimensional surface profi le using phase triangulation methods. An algorithm for decoding images of an object in structured light is proposed, based on an iterative search for the minimum deviation of the model function from the measurement results and compensating for the nonlinearity of the receiving-transmitting path of the measuring complex. A distinctive feature of the proposed method is that the search for the model function is sought in the form of a polynomial of the second degree, which ensures the stability of the method against nonlinear distortions caused by power-law transformations of the receiving-transmitting path. The use of the interval search method as part of the proposed algorithm provides a qualitative reduction in its algorithmic complexity. It is shown that the proposed algorithm provides a stable search for the value of the initial phase shift in object images, is resistant to noise and non-linear distortions. The algorithm proposed in the paper can be used to process images received in three-dimensional scanning systems based on triangulation methods using structured illumination and phase triangulation. The proposed algorithm will be especially useful for data processing during the operation of measuring systems in the conditions of a nonlinear source-receiver path of optical radiation and measurement time limitations.

The mathematical model of a digital image contains a set of parameters called camera's intrinsic elements. The numerical values of the elements are unique and must be determined through the individual calibration. The paper considers the problem of fi ve intrinsic elements calibration: the focal length of the lens, two coordinates of the principial point of the image, and two second-order radial distortion coeffi cients. The stars observed by the calibrated camera from the Earth's surface are used as a calibration test pattern. The stellar coordinates are cataloged with very high accuracy, which makes it possible to get rid of complex calibration equipment and reduce the calibration problem to a particular problem of digital image processing. The positions of stars observed from the Earth's surface are distorted by a velocity aberration and atmospheric refraction. These effects are taken into account by introducing distortions into the direction vectors of stars taken from the star catalog. Two approaches to solving the calibration problem are considered, which take into account the unknown orientation of the calibrated camera relative to the Earth in different ways. It has been experimentally shown that both approaches lead to the same results. The discrepancy in calibration measurements after calibration decreases by a factor of 32, to a value on the order of the irremovable angular error in determining the apparent position of a star in a turbulent atmosphere. The results of individual calibration of the camera's intrinsic elements are used in the fi rmware of the star tracker to correct the systematic errors in attitude measurements.

The history of the development of the capillary method of viscosity measurements is described and the tasks of automation and improvement of this method are considered. A comparative analysis of the currently relevant vibrational, rotational, capillary methods of measuring the viscosity of a liquid and the measuring instruments implementing them is given. The State verifi cation scheme for viscosity measuring instruments to represent the role of the capillary method in general and glass capillary viscometers in particular in this structure is briefl y described. The reasons why the capillary method is used in many countries as the main high-precision method for measuring the viscosity of liquids are considered. A detailed derivation of the formula for calculating the kinematic viscosity of the liquid under study is given. As one of the possible ways to further develop the capillary method of measuring kinematic viscosity, it is proposed to create an information-measuring system for measuring the kinematic viscosity of the liquid under study. The principle of operation of this system is described and plans for its implementation are formulated. It is shown that it is possible to increase the accuracy of measurements of the viscosity of liquid media by the capillary method by automating measurements and installing detectors of a certain type. The results of the performed analysis are relevant to ensure the uniformity of viscosity measurements in the Russian Federation.

The structure of the systems for the radiometric calibration of the remote sensing optoelectronic equipment in the infrared spectral range is presented. The analysis of existing facilities for the radiometric calibration of the remote sensing optoelectronic equipment in conditions of vacuum and low-background radiation was carried out. These facilities are based on using of the blackbody models as radiation sources, including reference sources based on the phase transition of pure metals, for example gallium or indium. The wide-aperture blackbody model LABB-380 with an aperture diameter of 380 mm in the temperature range from 223.15 K up to 423.15 K has been developed for a high-vacuum low-background stand, which is currently being developed at the Sciences Research Institute of Optoelectronic Instrumentation for the radiometric calibration of the remote sensing optoelectronic equipment. The results of calculating the normal effective emissivity of the surface of the LABB-380 in the temperature range from 223.15 K to 423.15 K in the spectral range from 3 to 20 μm are presented. The metrological characteristics of LABB-380 obtained during the transmission of a temperature unit from the zero discharge State Standard using a comparator based on the precision pyrometer HETRONIXS are investigated and presented. The instability of the LABB-380 radiation was 0.005 K according to the calibration results in the temperature range from 300.15 K to 390.15 K, and the extended temperature uncertainty was 0.66 K at the temperature of 300.15 K and 0.88 K at a temperature of 390.15 K.

The problem of identifying patterns that are associated with the features of the structure and phase composition of new thermoelectric materials obtained by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is considered. A measuring device has been developed to determine the Seebeck coefficient (thermoelectric motive force) of thermoelectric materials in the temperature range of 300–800 K in argon, air or vacuum. The design of the measuring device is described in detail, the capabilities of the device and the measurement error (less than 5 %) are discussed. The thermoelectromotive force of reference nickel samples in the temperature range of 300–800 K in an argon medium was measured by a differential method. Negative values of the Seebeck coefficient of the nickel sample were obtained throughout the studied temperature range, which indicates the predominance of electrons as the main charge carriers in the sample material. At room temperature, the measured value of the Seebeck coefficient is –19.05 mkV/K and decreases to a value of –25.71 mkV/K with an increase in temperature to 515 K. With a further increase in temperature to 640 K, the Seebeck coefficient monotonically increases to a value of –19.60 mkV/K. At temperatures above 640 K, the Seebeck coefficient continuously decreases and at 824 K reaches a value of –24.12 mkV/K. The Curie point is 644 K. The obtained values of the Seebeck coefficient for nickel in the temperature range 300–800 K are comparable with the data given in the literature. When calculating the Seebeck coefficient of the material, equations are used using the Seebeck coefficient values for the positive and negative thermocouple paths, which eliminates the need for additional measuring probes and contacts to measure the thermoelectric voltage on the sample. The set-up can also be used to make electrical resistance measurements using the standard 4-point method.