In 2007, important events took place in cosmology. The reason for the discrepancy in the estimates of the Hubble constant was established, the galactic polar redshift anisotropy in the spectra of extragalactic sources was indicated, a сold spot of microwave background radiation was detected and so-called extraordinary evidence of the presence of acceleration of the expansion of the Universe was obtained. This evidence is based on the analysis of data on SN Ia type supernovae belonging to the Deep and Ultra Deep Hubble fields. A chain of results is described that led to an alternative hypothesis – the acceleration of mass flows of galaxies under the influence of gravitational dipoles of large-scale heterogeneity of the Universe in the form of pairs of giant void (super void) and massive super cluster of galaxies or attractor on opposite parts of the celestial sphere. The results of the analysis by tests for the inadequacy of the Friedman-Robertson-Walker isotropic model of the calibration function of the redshift scale of cosmological distances adopted in these extraordinary proofs are presented. Structural changes and rank inversions of the isotropic model are interpreted as signs of the action of gravitational dipoles due to the existence of a more accurate anisotropic model of the calibration function of the redshift cosmological distance scale. This hypothesis is an alternative to the hypothesis about the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe. It is shown that the Deep and Ultra Deep Hubble fields are a gravitational dipole – Hubble dipole.

The issues of identifying the onboard equipment of spacecraft and formalizing the process of monitoring its technical condition are considered. The ambiguity of the assessment of the technical condition of the onboard equipment based on the parameters characterizing the transient processes is revealed. An approach to estimating the parameters of transient processes using a neural network is proposed. A mathematical problem has been set – to develop a model for monitoring the technical condition of onboard equipment of spacecraft with minimization of erroneous decisions about the type of technical condition in the control process. A conceptual model for monitoring the technical condition of the onboard equipment, extended by a neural network transformation of the telemetered parameters of transient processes, is proposed. The application of the model in a distributed control system for spacecraft onboard equipment makes it possible to eliminate indirect control by calculated parameter values in order to achieve maximum control reliability. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown on the example of a spacecraft motion control system. The values of signs of technical condition are estimated according to the values of the telemetered parameters of the angular velocities received from the sensors. The obtained results showed the advantages of using multilayer neural networks for the formation of additional features of dynamic systems and the possibility of achieving high accuracy of estimation of these features with their help, thereby ensuring the maximum completeness of the technical condition control.

The communications number and information size are significantly increasing. Transmission of various types information (including video information) should be fast and protected from unauthorized access. The use of optical encryption for this purpose makes it possible to encode large data arrays with high cryptographic strength. Most optical information encoding systems use coherent light, which results in an extremely low signal-to-noise ratio in decrypted images. Holographic encryption of color 4K video with digital information input and dynamically changeable encoding holograms by means of the liquid crystal spatial light modulators of high resolution was implemented for the first time. The method is based on optical convolution of the input image with the encoding hologram using spatially-incoherent light. Color encoding is carried out by sequential encryption of different color channels of each video frame. Decryption is carried out by numerical methods of inverse filtering with regularization. Results of this work can be used for creation of high resolution secure video communication systems of new generation.

Existing approaches to monitoring the visibility of objects in the infrared wavelength range rely on the use of radiation temperature, energy brightness and radiation strength of objects and background as measured parameters. There is a variability of these characteristics with the variety and variability of the external conditions of observation of the object and the background during the day and seasons, which leads to a significant error in the procedures for monitoring the visibility of objects in the infrared wavelength range. In order to improve the accuracy of monitoring the visibility of objects in the infrared wavelength range, the use of an additional characteristic (effective radiation surface) and derived characteristics of objects without internal sources and with internal sources of thermal energy is justified. The proposed characteristic has a linear relationship with the optical flux coming from the object to the observation medium, and reflects the relationship of the geometric (the area of the object in the direction of observation) and energy properties of the object with the capabilities of the means of observing objects on various backgrounds. The proposed characteristic retains its significance in a wide range of changes in external conditions during the day and seasons of the year. This makes it possible to increase the accuracy of procedures for monitoring the visibility of objects in the infrared wavelength range with the variety and variability of the external conditions of observation of the object and the background during the day and seasons. The effective radiation surface can be used to monitor the visibility of objects, as well as one of the unmasking features of objects.

Application of high-stable pulsed mode-locked lasers as a sources of sampling signal with low jitter in wide bandwidth photonic analogue to digital converters is considered. It is noted that for signals with the bandwidth up to 2 GHz the realization of pulsed multispectral sequence is highly promising method of sampling rate increasing. It is noted that high sensitivity of such systems to temperature changes and mechanical disturbances causes the increase of the sampling sequence jitter, errors in setting the light signal delays in the spectral channels causes violation of the pulses equidistance. Such a degradation of sampling signal quality leads to reduction of analogue to digital conversion precision. The method of process automatization using digital feedback and motorized delay lines is proposed for multispectral sequence pulses equidistance improvement. The results of mathematical modeling and experimental realization of the method in 3-channel multispectral sequence generation system with tripling of the sampling rate of the source mode-locked laser are represented in the article. Given method can find application in optical sampling-based analogue-to-digital microwave photonic systems of different purposes.

The problem of studying the stable operation of contact-conductometric transducers of vortex oscillations of submersible vortex flowmeters for measuring wastewater in pulp and paper production is considered. By design, this type of transducer is subject to periodic disruption of the sensitive element oscillations at a certain critical flow rate. The stability analysis was carried out on the basis of the theory of nonlinear impulse systems, which showed the presence of a critical flow rate, at which the loss of the output signal of the flow meter is observed, which subsequently increases the measurement error. The value of the critical flow rate is associated with the presence of an attached mass of liquid oscillating together with the sensitive element of the flow transducer of vortex flow meters. A technique for conducting a study of finding the added mass of liquid through the frequency characteristics of the sensitive elements of flow transducers using numerical simulation, as well as experimental studies on a special stand, is described. Based on the results of the study, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the sensitive elements were obtained. Carrying out a comparative analysis of the obtained characteristics with the help of numerical and experimental studies made it possible to judge additional energy losses during the oscillation of the sensitive element. 

The results obtained made it possible to formulate requirements for the design of flow transducers that exclude these errors and ensure stable operation of the device over the entire measurement range. The results are relevant for organizations involved in the development and implementation of flow measuring equipment and monitoring wastewater.

The process of creating protective coatings with specified properties on products made of light metals and alloys (aluminum, magnesium, titanium) by microarc oxidation is characterized by an urgent problem of increasing controllability and efficiency. Its solution is associated with an increase in the accuracy of measurements of technological parameters and parameters of oxide coatings, an increase in the speed of the measuring instruments used and automation of measurement procedures. The authors propose the structure of an intelligent information and measurement system for measuring the parameters of microarc oxide coatings, which contains unique hardware, software and information support.

At the same time, the process current source is an integral and one of the most important parts of the hardware, since it sets such technological modes as the strength and shape of the current (sinusoidal or pulse signals are possible), on which the parameters of the formed coatings largely depend. The developed process current source is characterized by an increased efficiency and provides a full range of regulation of the parameters of the energy effect on the test sample on which the coating is formed. This is achieved through the use of original circuit solutions in the field of pulsed power electronics, as well as modern electronic component base. The system allows for high-precision measurements of technological parameters and properties of the resulting coatings, which can be used for automated monitoring of the microarc oxidation process, as well as for scientific research. The presence of an intelligent application and a knowledge bank in the system makes it possible to intelligently select the optimal technological parameters of microarc processing, as well as to carry out automated controlled synthesis of microarc oxide coatings with specified properties.

The task of comparison testing of a time series power spectrum parametric estimates is considered. It is shown that the key problem in solving it is the optimization of the parameters of spectral estimates under conditions of small samples of observations. To overcome this problem, it is proposed to use the system-wide concept of analysis through synthesis. Based on this concept, a regular method for comparison testing of parametric estimates of the power spectrum obtained from a time series of finite duration has been developed. Decisions in it are made based on the results of testing statistical hypotheses about the homogeneity of two samples: a finite empirical one, compiled based on the results of observations, and an infinite virtual one, mathematically synthesized according to each individual parametric estimate in the series of considered spectral alternatives. In this case, the criterion is the principle of minimum information discrepancy between samples according to Kullback-Leibler. An example of the practical application of the developed method in the problem of discrete spectral modeling of speech signals is presented. The ability of the method to identify patterns of unstable parametric estimates of the autoregressive type has been established. The results obtained are intended for use in the field of speech acoustics, as well as technical and medical diagnostics, where parametric methods of spectral analysis are increasingly being used in practice.

To study the possibility of creating samples with known values of the absolute gas permeability coefficient, a comparison was made between the results of measurements of the absolute gas permeability coefficient and theoretical calculations of the values of the permeability coefficient of samples with built-in glass capillaries of various diameters. The results of measurements of the absolute gas permeability coefficient were obtained on the State primary standard of units of specific gas adsorption, specific surface area, specific pore volume, pore size, open porosity and gas permeability coefficient of solid substances and materials GET 210-2019. The theoretical values of the permeability coefficient were obtained by measuring the diameters of capillaries with an optical microscope. Using these diameters, the permeability coefficients of samples with capillaries were calculated according to the combined Poiseuille and Darcy equation. It is proved that the measurement results obtained at GET 210-2019 are consistent with the theoretically calculated values of the permeability coefficient within the limits of uncertainty. The results obtained will be useful to specialists of the oil and gas industry, for example, in petrophysical research, geological exploration.