In 2021, the State primary standard unit of power spectral density of noise radio emission in the frequency range from 0.002 to 178.3 GHz GET 21-2021 passed the approval. GET 21-2021 introduced low-temperature noise generators as primary reference measures. Preferred and manufactured primary reference measures were investigated: two coaxial low temperature noise generators in the frequency range 0.002–4.0 GHz, 4.0–12.05 GHz and three waveguide low temperature noise generators in the frequency range 12.05–17.44 GHz, 17.44–25.86 GHz, 25.86–37.5 GHz. Noise temperatures of primary reference measures are investigated and calculated. The reproducible value of the equivalent noise temperature was 77.5–84.82 K for coaxial low-temperature noise generators and 78.4–80.53 K for waveguide low-temperature noise generators, 4.0 GHz and 4.0–12.05 GHz; three waveguide 12.05–17.44 GHz; 17.44–25.86 GHz and 25.86–37.5 GHz. The dynamic range of measurements is increased and the error of unit transmission is reduced. The results of measurements of the power spectral density of noise radio emission with the following characteristics are obtained: the total error in reproducing the unit of the spectral power density of noise radio emission from 0.24 to 0.30 K; expanded uncertainty when transferring a unit of power spectral density of noise radio emission to secondary standards and working standards of the 1st category, from 0.4 to 0.8 K; the measurement error of the power spectral density of noise radio emission decreased by 1.5 times. A comparative analysis of uncertainties in the transfer of a unit of the power spectral density of noise radio emission from primary reference measures to secondary standards and working standards of the 1st category is carried out. The results of this work are applicable in the radio industry when measuring noise parameters. The sensitivity values of instruments and devices that depend on the level of noise electromagnetic oscillations, are controlled by measures of the power spectral density of noise radio emission – measuring noise generators.

The purpose of the research is to solve the problems associated with the lack of an unambiguous interpretation of the basic concepts introduced in International Documents D1. The main objectives of the study were aimed at analyzing documents D1 “Law on Metrology” (1975), “Elements of the Law on Metrology” (2004), “Basic provisions for the Law on Metrology” (2012) and “National Systems of Metrology – development of institutional and legislative foundations” (2020), laws of the Russian Federation, when the development of which they are used, as well as domestic and foreign publications on this issue. Based on the results of the analysis, the problems associated with the concepts of “national measurement system” and “national metrological infrastructure” used in metrology, which have become relevant in the modern world and economy, as well as the different views of specialists in the field of metrology on the content of these important and universally used concepts, are shown. As a result of the conducted research, a list of the main elements that make up the “national measurement system” and the “national metrological infrastructure” was formulated. The results of the study are intended for use in updating regulatory and legislative documents in the field of metrology and by specialists working in this field.

The article is devoted to the analysis of data samples with interval uncertainty. We propose to use the Jaccard measure (index), which is widely used when comparing sets in various problem areas, as a measure (functional) of the compatibility of interval values and their samples. Information about interval analysis, classical and complete (Kaucher) interval arithmetic is presented. For interval quantities, the necessary concepts and definitions of operations are introduced, in particular, generalizations of the concepts of intersection and union of sets. The Jaccard measure is generalized to the case of data with interval uncertainty and samples of interval data. Various variants of interval relations are described in detail – from their coincidence to incompatible cases. Various definitions of the Jaccard measure, both symmetric and non-symmetric with respect to operands, are considered. The question of the connection of the proposed measure with the interval mode and for estimating the results of calculations with twins is discussed. A practical example of finding the information set of an interval problem using a new measure is given.

The problem of monitoring the technical condition of prototypes of multi-agent systems is considered. The classical control procedure is analyzed in relation to a new type of group test objects - multi-agent systems. It has been established that the fulfillment of the necessary control condition - the observability of the states of the test object in relation to a multi-agent system is not obvious, since it is required to ensure a sufficiently high probability of correct detection of each element of the object. Otherwise, the control result becomes unreliable, since the elements of the vector of measured parameters are mixed. It is shown that for a group object, the states of its elements act as such parameters. In order to ensure the required observability and, consequently, the correctness of the control problem, it is proposed to use additional highly informative features as regularizes. The search for these signs is carried out in three directions: analysis of the hyperspectral image of elements with the search for unique forms of the spectrum corresponding to materials characteristic of a particular element; analysis of the location of these materials and the possibility of various combinations of these two features (the shape of the spectrum and the location of materials); infrared portrait of elements in the mid-IR range, in which characteristic bright areas can be distinguished, corresponding to the location of functional equipment. It is noted that the use of these features in terms of processing data from information-measuring systems requires some preparation and, preferably, automation. For automation, it is proposed to use single-pass neural network detectors. The results obtained will be useful in developing a system for collecting and analyzing information for testing prototypes of multi-agent systems.

The paper considers methods of continuous measurement of dielectric material samples mass during microwave heat treatment at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. It is known that the direct measurement of the sample mass by electronic scales during microwave treatment is a complex problem. The main limiting factor is the difficulty of using conductive materials inside the working chamber due to the induction of currents in them, which distort the measurement results. The paper proposes a technique for continuously measuring the mass of dielectric material samples during microwave heat treatment. The technique is based on thermogravimetric analysis methods. We developed an original measuring system based on the theoretical technique. It consists of separate modules – a hanger with a sample (inside the working chamber) and a strain gauge, a spectrometer and signal processing and conversion systems (all outside the chamber). The use of a modular layout has a number of advantages. It allows the measuring system to be as far away as possible from the source of electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, it allows to avoid signal distortion and isolate the measuring equipment from microwave influence. The developed technique of continuous measurement of sample mass during microwave heat treatment was tested. The dependences of mass changes were obtained. These dependencies revealed two characteristic stages of material carbonization which differ in the rate of change in sample mass. The total error of the technique is less than 1 %. The quantization error makes the main contribution to the error in the analogto-digital conversion. The proposed technique can be used in automated control systems for microwave processing of materials.

Goniometric methods for measuring the refractive index of optically transparent materials are considered. Proposed a modified constant deviation method for measuring the refractive index of a triangular prism. The proposed modification does not require measuring the refractive angle of the prism, which simplifies the measurement process compared to the widely used methods of minimum deviation and autocollimation. To implement the method, a goniometric system was used, designed to measure angles formed by flat surfaces of objects. To obtain the reflection of the refracted beam, a fixed mirror was used, and the refractive index of the prism material was calculated from the solution of a system of equations. The results of an experimental study of a triangular prism made of optical glass using the proposed method and their comparison with results obtained using the method of minimum deviation are presented. This method can be used to study trihedral prisms made of optically transparent materials, as well as liquid optically transparent substances placed in a hollow trihedral prism.

The characterization of analog optical links is considered and it is noted that the study, accounting and reduction of nonlinearities introduced by the elements of the optical link into the output signal during photodetection are of particular practical interest. Methods for analyzing nonlinear distortions of analog optical paths with external modulation are presented and it is proposed to use high-resolution optical spectrum analyzers for their characterization. The analysis methods use the results of measurements of the optical spectrum, which directly characterize the optical signal of the link without taking into account the influence of nonlinearities introduced during photodetection. An analytical model of the process of modulation of monochromatic light radiation by a two-tone radio frequency signal using an electro-optical Mach-Zehnder modulator is presented. The relationship between the nonlinear spectral components of the optical modulated and radio frequency signals at the photodetector output is considered. The optical and radio frequency spectra of AOL signals were experimentally studied on a specially assembled measuring stand. The results of experiments on measuring SFDR of analog optical paths using high-resolution radio frequency and optical spectrum analyzers are presented. Possible reasons for the degradation of the SFDR during photodetection are discussed. Using an analytical model of nonlinearities of the Mach-Zehnder modulator, the contribution of the nonlinearity of photodetection to the distortion of the output signal of the optical link is experimentally estimated and the differences in the power of intermodulation products for microwave photodiodes of two types are demonstrated.

The problems that arise when using an automated control system for the operation of thermocompression deformation equipment are considered. The automated system under consideration is designed to control the nature of the metal flow during the formation of geometrically complex products under conditions of isothermal forging and forging in a state of superplasticity. The identified problems include non-compliance with the temperature and speed parameters of deformation, the inertia of the system, the complexity of reconfiguring the system in the manufacture of parts from different materials, when switching to the use of other equipment. To overcome the inertia of the system, it is proposed to use digital extropolation algorithms based on the experimental recording of the actual characteristics of the stroke of the operating elements of the installation when exposed to current, depending on its strength and duration of exposure, and the use of modulo-width modulation to control the current supply to the heating elements. Changes have been made to the hardware of the automatic control unit and to the TermoControl 3.1 Alpha application program. As a result of the research, a new improved version of the TermoControl 3.7 Alpha program was created, which ensures high accuracy in observing the temperature and speed parameters of stamping: deviation from the specified heating parameters (error) is up to 2–4 °С; deformation rate error – up to 0.1·10–3 mm/s. As a result of the work carried out, an extensive database of heating, holding, and cooling modes was created, based on the results of predicting the course for thermocompression equipment of various types and models. The results obtained made it possible to achieve that deviations from the specified modes of heating and deformation when using an improved automated control system fi t within the framework of the usual statistical error.

The aim of carried out investigations is the analysis of a different correction errors circuit of temperature in the moisture transformer with a cylindrical electrode in point of view increasing the measurements accuracy of grain and grain products moisture. The measurement accuracy in the moisture transformer depends on the constructive technological features, effective working possibilities and static characteristics linearity degree of its consisting elements. At the same time, an additive logo metric circuit, which can also be used in other capacitive transformers, has been considered. Using experimental method the dependence of the reactive resistance of cylindrical transformer on the capacity of cylindrical transformer in process of working with bulk materials has been obtained. We showed that when one is working with bulk materials the reactive resistance is decreased down sharply and at the same time the cylindrical transformer capacity value reaches the value 2 pF. Further, the reactive resistance is decreasing slowly on the capacity that demonstrates the change of the transformer sensitivity too. The functional dependence of capacity moisture transformer with cylindrical electrode sensitivity on the reactive resistance has been studied. Novelty of the carried out investigations in that we revealed the concrete value of moisture transformer capacity in which the sensitivity of the measuring device will be the highest value. It has been revealed that when the reactive resistance of the cylindrical transformer is growing then its sensitivity is decreasing. The maximal cylindrical transformer sensitivity reaches when the reactive resistance equals to 0.5⋅10⁴ Оhm which corresponds to maximal change of the moisture transformer capacity when we working with bulk materials. It has been shown that the additive-logo metric circuit can be used for increasing accuracy of the grain and grain products moisture on the common reactive resistance 0.5⋅10⁴ Оhm which allows reach the measuring device maximal sensitivity. All these conclusions we must take into account on projecting the basic elements of the transformer with cylindrical electrode for grain and grain products moisture.

The problem that arises during the amplitude-phase calibration of hydrophones by the reciprocity method and consists in the violation of the consistency of the hydrophone characteristics specified by the manufacturer is considered. Violation of the indicated consistency of characteristics is due to the need to determine the phase-frequency characteristic when calibrating the hydrophone. The manufacturer sets the dimensions of the receiving part of the hydrophone and the position of the acoustic center according to the drawing of the receiving part and, thereby, replaces the acoustic parameters with geometric ones. To restore the consistency of the characteristics, it is proposed to determine the position of the acoustic center and the equivalent size of the receiving part of the hydrophone from the results of acoustic measurements. It is shown that the displacement of the acoustic center of a hydrophone relative to its geometric center is a characteristic phenomenon, while the geometric and acoustically measured dimensions of the active element may differ. To ensure the unity of acoustic measurements, it is proposed to introduce the concept of an equivalent radius and to clarify the concept of the acoustic center of a hydrophone, as well as to standardize the methods of their experimental determination. The results obtained will be useful in monitoring the phase responses of elements of hydroacoustic antennas for various purposes, ensuring the identity of the phase-frequency characteristics of the vector receivers measuring channels, in solving problems related to restoring the shape of an acoustic signal from the recorded output receiver voltage, for various applications, including marine ecology, medical ultrasound, etc.

Comprehensive work has been carried out to develop a method for obtaining particle size standard reference materials based on aqueous suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres. For the synthesis of suspensions, a method of seed emulsion polymerization of styrene under conditions of excess dispersion medium is proposed. The equipment from the State Primary Standard of units of dispersed parameters of aerosols, suspensions and powdery materials was used in the work. The granulometric composition of the suspension samples synthesized in the work was investigated by the methods of dynamic light scattering and diffraction of laser radiation. Metrological characteristics of synthesized suspensions have been studied. It is established that, depending on the methods of emulsion polymerization and microemulsifi cation of styrene, monodisperse microspheres of polystyrene latex of various diameters can be obtained. The effect of the amount of the introduced surfactant on the process of quasi-spontaneous microemulsifi cation of the monomer during seed polymerization is investigated. According to the results of the research, aqueous suspensions of monodisperse polystyrene latex spheres with a median particle diameter of 0.31 microns and 0.54 microns were proposed as measures of particle size. The results of the research can be used to obtain monodisperse particles larger than 1 microns by seed polymerization.