The problem of processing measurement information with changing status of measurement results of micromechanical sensors of an intelligent on-board measuring system of a small unmanned aerial vehicle is considered. While vehicle is in the air, the measurement results status changes from confirmed to orienting, for example, due to sensor defects, degradation of the measuring channel, the appearance of false measurement output signals of micromechanical sensors due to vibrations and shocks caused by the movement of air masses. As a result, the probability of stability loss of a small unmanned aerial vehicle increases and it is necessary to raise the accuracy of estimating its orientation in conditions of changing status of measurement results. The measuring procedure of the Kalman structure is considered, the equations of which are determined with accuracy to the parameters of the transition and noise matrices of the state, as well as the perturbation vector, characterizing the measuring process. The parameter values are determined by a mathematical model for converting measuring information based on a dynamic mathematical model, which distinguishes the developed measuring procedure from a measuring procedure with a classical transition matrix. A neural network is used to find unknown parameters. A multilayer perceptron was selected as the basis of a neural network, for which an error back propagation algorithm is used to train. Based on the results of mathematical modeling and measurement experiment, it was found that the accuracy of the synthesized measuring procedure based on a dynamic mathematical model is higher than the accuracy of the measuring procedure of the Kalman structure with a classical transition matrix. The results of the study will be useful in the development of intelligent measurement procedures for on-board measurement systems operating under conditions of changing status of measurement results

This article discusses morphological filtering for assessing a areal parameters of a texture of engineering products. A data organization structure has been proposed that makes it possible to increase the efficiency of an iterative algorithm for enumerating a surface coordinates. Morphological filters complement the standard Gaussian filter to evaluate the functional properties of a surface. The widespread use of the areal morphological filtering in metrological practice is currently hampered by the lack of an effective algorithm. An algorithm based on a matrix representation of morphological operations on the surface coordinates is presented. For this purpose, different indexing of points on a primary surface and a structuring element has been introduced. A sphere or flat segment is used as the structuring element. The high performance of the developed algorithm is ensured due to the fact that all calculations are carried out by enumerating the surface coordinates in one pass, without nested loops, as in some other algorithms. Algorithms for morphological operations of dilation and erosion are presented, on the basis of which a closing and opening filters are constructed. Simulations carried out for various data sets and comparison with known morphological filtering algorithms confirmed the high efficiency of the designed algorithm. The results obtained can be used to analyze the functional properties of product surfaces.

The paper presents the state of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of energy parameters of high-power laser radiation. The research was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Optical and Physical Measurements. The formation of a metrological support system for measuring the energy parameters of high-power continuous laser radiation required the creation of three standards, including one State primary standard of average laser power, and a line of four basic measuring instruments in the spectral range 1.07–10.6 μm and power range 1–500 kW. For the first time, a dynamic method for measuring high levels of laser power was developed and used. This ensured the certification of measuring instruments using reference radiation with a power of less than 100 kW. This has led to a significant increase in the level of metrological support for technological and special high-power laser equipment.

The issues of optimization of existing methods for digital camera sensor identification are considered. Ways of improvement of reliability of digital cameras identification is discussed. Homogeneous images were optically recorded to form a noise portrait and test sets of amateur images for 3 cameras of various types. An optimal digital filter was selected to evaluate smoothed images for obtaining noise portraits of identified cameras. Camera identification algorithm was optimized basing on a comparison of light spatial noise portraits. Application of the optimal filter and identity criterion provides an average increase of identification reliability of more than 60 times. The results can be useful in the areas of image registration and processing, security, forensics, big data analysis, etc.

Liquid crystal spatial light modulators for precise dynamic manipulation of coherent light fields, used in diffractive optoelectronic optical data processing systems, are considered. This paper presents the results of a study of the temporal dynamics of the HoloEye PLUTO-2 VIS-016 liquid crystal spatial light modulator for analysis of light fields rate modulation. Experiments using binary phase computer generated holograms and binary focusing phase diffractive optical elements were conducted. Based on experimental data, the time characteristics of the modulator response were determined. It was found that when the rise time of the diffraction efficiency was 146 ms after the hologram displaying onto the SLM, and when switching to a new hologram, the decay time was 97 ms. These results allowed the dynamic generation of an alternating holograms at a refresh rate of 2 Hz with an interference level of –16 dB. Increasing the frequency of fringe pattern updates increases the level of interframe noise in the generated holograms, and when updated at the specification frequency, the generated distributions cannot be separated. Determining the actual frame rate based on the rise and decay times of the diffraction efficiency makes it possible to correctly calculate the minimum operating time of an information optical system containing a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.

The role of measuring instruments of the reference level (working standards of the 1st and 2nd digits) in ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the harmonic coefficient is considered, namely, the transfer of a unit of the harmonic coefficient from the primary standard to all measuring instruments from a huge fleet of working measuring instruments. A continuous search for ways to reduce the error of these measuring instruments is required. The methods of reducing one of the components of the measurement error of the reference level – an additional error caused by distortions in the measuring cable due to a mismatch of the resistances at the output of the calibrator and the input of the meter – are investigated. Until recently, the influence of measuring cable parameters on the results of harmonic coefficient measurements was considered negligible, because harmonic coefficient measuring instruments operate at sufficiently low frequencies (less than 1 MHz). However, for modern reference-level measuring instruments, such an influence has become noticeable, and it needs to be investigated. It has been shown that for calibrators with a large (600 Ohm) output impedance, significantly exceeding the characteristic impedance of the measuring cable, this error can be significant. An analytical dependence of the indicated error on the parameters of the measuring cable and the calibrator signal, as well as the output resistance of the calibrator, is derived. Conditions have been established under which this additional error is absent or can be neglected due to its smallness. When checking harmonic coefficient measuring instruments, a measuring cable 1 m long with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms is most often used. For a cable with such parameters and different values of the output resistance of the calibrator, the indicated additional error was theoretically calculated and experimentally evaluated. For a signal with a fundamental frequency of 200 kHz and a uniformly decreasing distribution of harmonic levels with a calibrator output impedance of 600 Ohms, the additional absolute error in generating a harmonic distortion equal to 100 % is 3 %. The use of factory correction for the total error in the formation of the harmonic distortion coefficient of the manufactured calibrator allows us to reduce the additional error only partially. To significantly minimize the additional error of the calibrator used, it is necessary to use the measuring cable supplied with the calibrator or a cable with identical parameters. The experimental estimate of the additional error is in good agreement with the results of its calculations. It is recommended to take into account the additional absolute error in the formation of the harmonic coefficient when developing and testing instruments for measuring the harmonic coefficient.

The sensitivity of radio receivers and other systems used in all fields of practical applications of electronics is carried out at certain signal-to-noise ratio value. Examples of systems, for which this ratio is one of the important qualitative indicators, are given. The aim of the investigation is to solve the actual problem of signal-to-noise ratio measurement in a wide range of frequencies, simplify instruments and improve their technical and metrological parameters. A principle of signal-to-noise ratio measurement has been proposed, its theoretical foundation has been given. Precise relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio and the parameters of noise amplitude, phase and frequency modulation has been established, thus modulation meters can measure signal-to-noise ratio. There are three options for implementing the developed measurement principle. All of them use one existing industrial modulation meter and provide direct signal-to-noise ratio. For two options there are no restrictions on the origin and type of noise, it may be arbitrary. A pilot test of the measurement principle was conducted, and three implementation options were actually tested. Their discrepancies with the original data of the signal and noise generator lie within error limits of the instrumentation of the former. Mathematical modeling of the principle of signal-to-noise ratio measurement in Mathcad software package was also carried out. Recommendations on the use of the principle are given. The fundamental advantages of the developed principle consist of simple implementation by a single industrial instrument and solving the problem of metrological ensuring of signal-to-noise measuring instruments using the existing state verification plans. The main technical and metrological characteristics obtained by using the principle are determined by parameters of existing modulation meters and are proven to be high, the frequency range is till 26,5 GHz and the measurement error is as low as 8 %.

The method of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is currently the most common in research and control of parameters of condensed matter, and the nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers that implement this method are described. The features of determining the times of longitudinal and transverse relaxation in nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers under different flow regimes of the medium in the process of monitoring its parameters have been established. The advantages of using a modulation technique for recording nuclear magnetic signals in flowmeters-relaxometers in comparison with other registration methods are noted. Using various approximations by the Giulotto method from the Bloch equations, a relation was obtained to determine the longitudinal relaxation time from the results of two measurements of the amplitudes of the nuclear magnetic resonance signal or resonant frequencies at different modulation frequencies. It has been experimentally proven that this relationship has a number of restrictions on its application for flowing liquid. These limitations are associated both with the technique of recording nuclear magnetic resonance signals and with the ability to generate such signals at different modulation frequencies of a constant magnetic field, the amplitudes of which differ from each other beyond the measurement error. The reasons that led to this discrepancy in the ratio for determining the time of longitudinal relaxation have been established. The limits of applicability of the obtained relation are found and it is experimentally proven that within these limits this relation can be used for reliable measurements of relaxation constants. Using experimental data, the relationship for determining the longitudinal relaxation time was studied. It has been proven that in a number of cases it is impossible to determine the desired value using the indicated relationship, although nuclear magnetic resonance signals of the current medium are recorded, and the medium has relaxation times. The results obtained make it possible to eliminate errors when using the nuclear magnetic resonance method to study flowing media and solve a number of complex problems in the energy, oil, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

The problems of identifying counterfeit motor fuels in real conditions are highlighted. It is noted that the use of express analyzers of motor fuels does not provide the necessary level of control over the accuracy and reliability of measurement results of the parameters of the fuel under study. The problems of metrological support of express analyzers of motor fuels based on near-infrared spectroscopy are considered. The method is based on the rejection of classical spectroscopic approaches in favor of complex multidimensional mathematical models, and the result of the analysis is a forecast; the usual metrological approaches do not work here, since quantitative analysis is replaced by some kind of qualitative analysis. The category of uncertainty is replaced by the category of reliability, which is much less developed. In this situation the usual accuracy control procedures are insufficient. For express analyzers based on the principles of dielmetry and near-infrared spectroscopy, the identification of counterfeit fuel turned out to be approximately the same: the addition of 8–10 % vol. of the counterfeit component practically does not change the measurement results. When the operations with a mathematical model is not allowed (it is the intellectual property of developers) some simple approaches to the assessment of metrological characteristics is proposed. This approach allows the metrologist or the user to verify the relevance of the program model for specific grades of motor fuel. A study of domestic express analyzers based on the principles of measuring the dielectric permittivity of fuels has been carried out. The ability of express analyzers of both types to identify counterfeit fuel is evaluated.