The results of scientifi c research aimed at improving the State primary standard of electrical voltage unit GET 13-01, built on the basis of the Josephson quantum effect, are presented. In the process of improving GET 13-01, the following tasks were solved: the range of reproduction of constant voltage was expanded as a result of the transition from two reference points with nominal voltage values of 1 and 10 V to the range of 1·10^–3–10 V; increased noise immunity of the reproducible voltage due to the introduction of a voltage measure with a hysteresis-free Josephson array; the stability of the reproduced voltage is ensured; the process of transferring a unit of voltage to both voltage measures and voltage meters is automated; the process of setting the specifi ed voltage in the time domain is provided. The improved GET 13-01 was approved with a new composition as the State Primary Standard of the unit of electrical voltage GET 13-2023. GET 13-2023 uses quantum voltage measures based on various types of Josephson arrays. The metrological characteristics of GET 13-2023 are studied in the process of comparisons of quantum measures included in its composition (with hysteresis and hysteresis-free Josephson arrays). GET 13-2023 provides reproduction of the unit of electrical voltage with a standard deviation of the measurement result of not more than 1·10^–9 V, a non-excluded systematic error of not more than 1·10^–9 V in the voltage range of 1·10^–3–1 V and provides reproduction of a unit of electrical voltage with a standard deviation of the measurement result in the voltage range of 1–10 V not more than 10^–9 multiplied by the value of the reproduced voltage, a nonexcluded systematic error of not more than 10^–9 multiplied by the value of the reproduced voltage. The obtained results are relevant for ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the fi eld of constant voltage and for conducting international key comparisons.

The results of research aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the fi eld of digital communications are presented. The requirements for metrological characteristics of transmitted (received) information (data) quantity unit and packet networks parameters values units GET 200-2023 are defi ned, taking into account the provision of the necessary margin of accuracy when transmitting units of measured values to working standards and measuring instruments. The problematic issues of ensuring the uniformity of measurements in packet data transmission networks are described, the developed methods description and means by which the packet networks parameters values units are reproduced is given. The technical means composition and achieved metrological characteristics of the standard, transmission procedures reproducible GET 200-2023 units of quantities, working standards of various types and measuring instruments are given. It is established that the capabilities of GET 200-2023 in the fi eld of measurements uniformity of the packet networks parameters will meet the country needs in the next 5–7 years.

A retrospective analysis of existing models of operation of complex technical systems with metrological support has been carried out. The models of failures and degradation of complex technical systems based on diffusion monotone and diffusion non-monotone distributions, the model of failures and degradation of complex technical systems based on three-parameter diffusion distribution are described. Failure and degradation models are used together with the classical model of E. I. Sychev and more complex models developed on its basis. For complex technical systems that allow full resource recovery during repair, a model of operation of complex technical systems has been developed, taking into account 4 degrees (groups) of degradation of complex technical systems. The model is described by a system of linear algebraic equations of the 21st order. The functional dependence of the stationary readiness coeffi cient on the calibration intervals of measuring instruments included in complex technical systems of various degradation groups is constructed. For complex technical systems that do not allow full restoration of the resource during repair, a model of operation of complex technical systems has been developed, taking into account 3 groups of degradation of complex technical systems. The model is described by a system of linear algebraic equations of the 24th order. The model allows you to simulate the main stages of the life cycle of a fl eet of complex technical systems, including, among other things, the processes of updating a fl eet of complex technical systems through the purchase of new samples and upgrades, existing samples of complex technical systems. The models presented in the article allow calculating optimal values of intervals between verifi cations and optimal values of tolerances for controlled parameters for different groups of degradation of complex technical systems with metrological support, ensuring the maximum level of stationary availability coeffi cient. The developed set of models can be used to classify complex technical systems in order to set requirements for their metrological support. The models can also be used to calculate the technical and economic indicators of the development of a fl eet of complex technical systems.

To measure the angular motion parameters of various kinds of objects, digital angle converters are widely used, which differ in the output electrical interface using a parallel or serial method of code transmission. Currently, there is no single approach to the metrological assessment of the accuracy characteristics of these digital angle converters. Such an integral assessment can be the code reliability of the converter, which characterizes the probability that the value of the measured angle corresponds to the calculated quantum, the code of which is read. Now there is an analytical method for calculating the code reliability used for digital angle converters with parallel code transmission. The article proposes an algebraic method for calculating the code reliability. Unlike the analytical method, it lacks the disadvantages of approximating the error histogram of the digital angle converters by random variable distribution functions. The conducted studies have shown that the algebraic method of calculating the code reliability can be used for the digital angle converters, with parallel and serial code transmission. It is shown that in order to fi nd the unevenness of the angular scale of the digital angle converters using a dynamic goniometer with an incremental angle sensor, it is necessary to center the array of measured error values. The results obtained can be used in measuring technology and metrology for digital angle converters calibration. They are of interest to specialists working in the fi eld of metrology of angular measurements, measuring equipment, digital angle converters manufacturers.

This article discusses the issues of improving the metrological characteristics, weight-dimensional and technical and economic indicators of calibration installations with weighing devices due to the introduction of a fl ow switch with a variable nozzle exit geometry into their design. It is assumed that the use of this design of the fl ow switch will solve the problem of fi lling the nozzle exit with water, reduce the dimensions of the hydraulic path, simplify the maintenance procedure, and reduce the cost of installations. A description of the design, principles of operation and a timing diagram of a fl ow switch with a variable nozzle exit geometry are presented. The local hydrodynamic characteristics of the water fl ow by a Pitot tube in the nozzle exit are studied with a change in its width in the mass fl ow rate range from 25 to 550 t/h. The optimal values of the nozzle cut width are experimentally determined depending on the value of the mass fl ow rate of the liquid, at which it is completely fi lled with liquid. A study of the metrological characteristics of a calibration installation with weighing devices, which includes a fl ow switch with a variable nozzle exit geometry, methods of indirect measurements and comparisons using a comparison standard in a wide range of liquid mass fl ow rates, has been carried out. The impact on the metrological characteristics of a calibration installation with weighing devices of the nozzle cut width in the investigated range of liquid fl ow is established. Graphical dependences of the expanded measurement uncertainty of the installation when reproducing the unit of liquid mass fl ow rate on the measurement time interval and on the mass fl ow rate of the liquid are presented. Based on the research results, the optimal values of the nozzle cut width and measurement time intervals were determined depending on the mass fl ow rates of the liquid when using a fl ow switch with a variable nozzle cut geometry. The expansion of the range of operation of weighing devices, which are part of the verifi cation installations with weighing devices, is justifi ed. According to the results of the research, the proposed design of the fl ow switch with a variable geometry of the nozzle exit is recommended for use in the design of new and modernization of installations for calibration with weight devices of fl ow switches.

A one-component strain-gauge dynamometer with a measuring range of 0-0.33 N was developed and manufactured at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute to measure directly the unsteady friction force of the boundary layer on the wall of a wind tunnel at very high Reynolds numbers. The subject of this study is to investigate the static and dynamic characteristics of the dynamometer and its systematic errors. The effects of the temperature, longitudinal, normal, and side forces and position of the longitudinal force application were investigated during the calibration. A block was designed and manufactured to calibrate the dynamometer using the dead weights in a wind tunnel. The calibration was carried out in laboratory conditions to determine friction force in the block. The developed dynamometer is a dynamic system with its own natural frequency of oscillations. The correction for the dynamometer's own dynamics is suggested on the basis of the method developed earlier. To calculate the correction to dynamometer dynamics the mass of the metric part of the dynamometer, its natural frequency in the absence of damping and the damping coeffi cient were determined. The correction is verifi ed by experiment with application of a step force. Effect of static and dynamic temperature components on dynamometer readings is investigated. Corrections are proposed to eliminate the systematic errors due to the effect of temperature on the basis of the previously developed method. It is shown that the side force does not affect the dynamometer readings, while the effect of the normal force is 1.1 % of the main sensitivity coeffi cient. The effect of the static temperature component on the sensitivity coeffi cient of the dynamometer is 0.017 %/°C. The total measurement uncertainty of the friction force dynamometer is estimated – the standard deviation of the measurement results does not exceed 0.076 % of the measurement range and the relative standard deviation of the main sensitivity coeffi cient is 0.03 %. The standard deviation of measurement of the nonstationary friction force will not exceed 0.86 % of the range of the dynamometer in the presence of oscillations of the sensitive element at its natural frequency.

сThe article is devoted to the development of an automated information and measurement system for measuring the voltfarad characteristics of semiconductor structures, including structures based on transparent conductive coatings. The structure of the information-measuring system is proposed, the results of functional and metrological analysis of the measurement channel of complex conductivity are presented. In particular, as a result of functional analysis, the functions of converting complex conductivity into a digital code proportional to the capacitive component and the active component of conductivity are obtained. In the process of metrological analysis, a metrological structural model of the complex conductivity measurement channel has been compiled, which, unlike the functional model, takes into account additive, multiplicative errors of the links, as well as the quantization error of the analog-to-digital converter. Expressions are obtained for the real functions of converting complex conductivity into a digital code proportional to the capacitive and active component of conductivity, taking into account the instrumental errors of the links that make up the measuring channel. Metrological analysis makes it possible to solve both the direct problem of calculating the instrumental error of the measuring channel according to the known nominal parameters and errors of its constituent links, and the inverse problem, which consists in assigning requirements to the metrological characteristics of the links in the measuring channels to ensure the required value of the maximum measurement error. In particular, based on the metrological analysis performed, it was found that the limits of the permissible relative error of capacitance and conductivity measurements do not exceed ±3 %, which is confi rmed experimentally. The developed automated information and measurement system allows not only to measure the volt-farad characteristics of the studied semiconductor structures, but also to process measurements in order to determine the electrophysical parameters by an indirect method.

The received in the Earth surface layer satellite radio signal power depends on the space navigation vehicle onboard antenna parameters, primarily it depends on the amplitude radiation pattern shape. The spacecraft onboard antenna radiation pattern has a complex shape in order to compensate for radio navigation signal power changes as a result of the removal (or approach) of the navigation satellite from the signal consumer. For this reason, the shape of the radiation pattern must have axial symmetry, i.e. it has to be close to the rotation fi gure. As a result of the global navigation satellite system GLONASS radio navigation signals energy characteristics monitoring, VNIIFTRI evaluated amplitude radiation patterns of the onboard antenna-feeder devices of satellites from the orbital constellation, the amplitude radiation patterns asymmetry of some of them was discovered. The asymmetry of the radiation pattern leads to the radio navigation signal (received by the consumer) power dependence on the device angle of the, i.e. on the position of the onboard radiating antenna system of the relative to the signals consumer. The probable reason for the asymmetry is the gradual aging of the active devices in the antenna system. The article purpose is to pay attention of competent specialists to the existing problem.

New physical quantities are presented – infrared visibility and infrared visibility range. The relevance and demand for measurements of these quantities is shown. Their physical meaning is revealed, formula ratios for the calculation are given, and the practical signifi cance. The presented calculation ratios are obtained on the basis of the transformation of the real thermal portrait of the object into an equivalent thermal geometric model. It is shown that the numerical values of the infrared visibility index for various real objects can vary over a wide range: from zero for absolutely non-thermal contrast objects to values of several units for high-contrast objects, i.e. within 0.5–2.5. The ratio for the infrared visibility range is obtained in based on the Lambert-Bouguer-Beer law and Fechner's law, used in the theory of sensory sensitivity. A detailed description and procedure for measuring the indicated physical quantities is presented, examples are given, and the measurement uncertainty is estimated. The introduced values are aimed at ensuring the unity of the assessment of thermal protection of various man-made and biological objects and allow developing preventive measures for their thermal protection at the stage of commissioning.

The problems of increasing the strength of high-loaded steel parts of transmissions of energy-saturated machines are considered. It is noted that, along with hardness, an important parameter of the hardened cemented steel layer is its effective thickness the distance from the surface of the sample (part) to the zone with hardness 50 HRC (529 HV0.5). It is shown that great infl uence on accuracy of its defi nition have unavoidable banding of metal in the area of hardness measurement and an instrumental error of hardness measurement. A method of increasing the accuracy of determining the effective thickness of the cemented layer, based on interpolation by polynomial of the second degree of distribution of experimentally measured hardness values HV0.5 in an extended range of changing distances from the surface of the article to the hardness measurement HV0.5 is offered. Error of defi nition of an effective thickness of the cemented layer is reduced at the expense of expansion of area of change of hardness HV0.5 in an analyzed zone with approximation of its monotonous change in this area and the subsequent solution of the received square equation. Approximating polynomial statistically correctly refl ects the character of hardness change HV0.5 of cemented steel in the analyzed area depending on the distance from the workpiece surface to the hardness measurement place. The effectiveness of the method was confi rmed when determining the effective thickness of the grouted layer of a sample of 18CrNiGt steel after carburizing and hardening. The obtained results will be useful in the development of optimal regimes of carburizing of high-loaded gearwheels of automobile and tractor transmissions.