The results of the work to create a complex of high-precision hardware for the unit of length reproduction and transferring carried out at “D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM)” are represented. This complex will serve as the basis for the further development of the reference base of the Russian Federation in the field of length measurements and will allow reproduction of the unit of length at two wavelengths of 633 nm and 532 nm, as well as measurements of the wavelength of laser sources in vacuum in the range from 500 to 1050 nm.

The article presents the results of studies to improve the National primary standard machine for hardness of metals on the shore D scale GET 161-2001, which were performed in FSUE “VNIIFTRI” from 2016 to 2018 in accordance with the technical task of Rosstandart. The improvement was carried out in order to ensure the uniformity of hardness measurements on the Leeb scales. The created new parts of the primary standard machine, which are settings for reproducing hardness numbers on the Leeb scales, are considered. Metrological characteristics of the upgraded and adopted National primary standard machine (GET 161-2019) were investigated, the budget of measurement uncertainty was calculated for reproducing hardness numbers on the Leeb scales.

When solving the problem of high-precision spatial orientation of antennas of radio engineering complexes placed on high-rise masts of various designs, one of the main tasks is to increase the accuracy of their angular orientation in the conditions of inevitable disturbances of the mast base (due to wind disturbances, operation of various units, etc.) and interference of measurement of antenna orientation parameters by various measuring systems. Currently used methods based on measurements of satellite navigation systems and autonomous measurements of attitude and heading reference system do not provide the required accuracy for solving the problem of antenna orientation, located on a highly dynamic mobile base. This circumstance is due both to the weak noise immunity of algorithms of information processing and the inability of accounting for the dynamic properties of orientation parameters measured also in the presence of noise of high intensity, whose properties also usually are not taken into account. In this regard, the article considers a dynamic algorithm for estimating the stochastic parameters of the antenna orientation of the radio engineering complexes, invariant to the nature of the movement of the mast base and providing stability and the required accuracy of the evaluation under the most general assumptions about the nature of interference of the sensing elements attitude and heading reference system. As the observed state vector – the vector of antenna orientation parameters, the vector of Rodriguez–Hamilton parameters is used, and as the vector of observation of it – the vector of measurements of angular velocity sensors of a strapdown inertial system, which consists of three accelerometers and three angular velocity sensors located orthogonally in the center of mass of the antenna. Based on the nonlinear stochastic equations of dynamics of change of the vector of parameters of the current orientation attitude and heading reference system on the moving base and stochastic models of the measuring signals sensing elements attitude and heading reference system, a non-linear (generalized) Kalman filter, providing the desired solution of the problem of estimation of the parameters of the current orientation of the antenna on the perturbed basis, was built. The results of the numerical experiment allow us to conclude that it can be used to solve the problem of operational orientation of radio engineering complexes antennas placed on masts, using medium-and high-precision attitude and heading reference system without correction for a long time.

The design and operation principle of a multisensor converter of binary mechanical signals into electrical signals consisting of a fiber-optic digital-analog converter, a photo amplifier and a voltage-to-code converter with double integration are considered. A generalized mathematical model of multisensor converter functioning has been developed, which combines particular mathematical models of fiber-optic digital-to-analog converter, photo-amplifier and voltage-to-code converter with double integration. The mathematical model of functioning of the multisensor converter in the form of analytical expressions for definition of the output electric code depending on values of bit digits of the input mechanical code taking into account a complex of constructive, circuit and power parameters of the converter is developed. The analytical description of the signal in the frequency converter in code, using which an algorithm is developed for numerical analysis of mathematical models of the functioning of the devices under study, providing the maximum permissible values of the instrumental errors of manufacture of the transducer elements in which is implemented the complete accuracy of the device. The presented results can be used for the development of multisensor converters of binary displacements of control systems, control and monitoring of energy-saturated objects, for which high noise immunity, electrical neutrality, low chemical activity and information security are of paramount importance.

A method for investigating the error of a laser dynamic goniometer by cross-calibration using a new calculation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on the method of serial angle shifts of a polygon relative to ring laser of the goniometer. The results of using this algorithm for estimating the error of a laser dynamic goniometer are presented. The dominant source of error of this goniometer is determined ‒ the irregularity of the angular scale of the ring laser, which is caused by the slope of the scale to the axis of rotation of the goniometer spindle. Corrective corrections were calculated and introduced into the calculation algorithm, which allowed reducing the systematic error of the goniometer to 0.03″.

A highly sensitive device for measuring the parameters of transverse energy distribution in a beam of infrared radiation is described as part of an automated system of synthesis of dynamic and static infrared images. The system is designed to monitor the characteristics of matrix photo-receivers in the spectrum of 2,5–4,6 μm at irradiation levels in the range of 10 –9–10 –5 W/сm2. The device is subject to periodic gradation and verification of the accuracy of movements of the Foucault knife line movements at two coordinates. Measurements with the use of the device are carried out in accordance with state and industry standards of the Russian Federation. The scan error for each coordinate does not exceed 1 micrometer. The device measures the function of energy concentration, the concentration of energy in the plane formed image in the working spectral and dynamic ranges of the system.

Optical technologies for measuring electrical quantities attract great attention due to their unique properties and signifi cant advantages over other technologies used in high-voltage electric power industry: the use of optical fibers ensures high stability of measuring equipment to electromagnetic interference and galvanic isolation of high-voltage sensors; external electromagnetic fields do not influence the data transmitted from optical sensors via fiber-optic communication lines; problems associated with ground loops are eliminated, there are no side electromagnetic radiation and crosstalk between the channels. The structure and operation principle of a quasi-distributed fiber-optic high-voltage monitoring system is presented. The sensitive element is a combination of a piezo-ceramic tube with an optical fiber wound around it. The device uses reverse transverse piezoelectric effect. The measurement principle is based on recording the change in the recirculation frequency under the applied voltage influence. When the measuring sections are arranged in ascending order of the measured effective voltages relative to the receiving-transmitting unit, a relative resolution of 0,3–0,45 % is achieved for the PZT-5H and 0,8–1,2 % for the PZT-4 in the voltage range 20–150 kV.

Two optical methods, namely surface plasmon resonance imaging and frustrated total internal reflection, are described in the paper in terms of comparing their sensitivity to change of refractive index of a thin boundary layer of an investigated medium. It is shown that, despite the fact that the theoretically calculated sensitivity is higher for the frustrated total internal reflection method, and the fact that usually in practice the surface plasmon resonance method, on the contrary, is considered more sensitive, under the same experimental conditions both methods show a similar result.

The expediency of applying the wavelet analysis method to visualize and measure structural elements on the surface of ceramic samples is shown. The experimental results of image processing of the surface of samples made of kaolin clay using wavelet analysis are presented. Examples of applying the wavelet transform to the study of model images with simple geometry and precisely known sizes of structural elements of the “checkerboard” type are considered. A relation is proposed that relates the particle size to the scale parameter of the wavelet spectrum. A simple and modern method makes it possible to record and quantify the structural changes occurring in highly dispersed ceramic samples under the influence of a microwave field. It was found that on the surface of ceramic samples processed in a microwave field, the sizes of structural elements (particles) are reduced by an average of 20%; the surface itself becomes more uniform. This effect is extremely promising for the development of technology for producing finely dispersed ceramic materials.

The publication presents an experimental method for estimating the minimum time interval for filling a storage tank with a working fluid with a fixed geometry of the nozzle of the flow switch of the calibration plant when playing units of mass and volume of fluid in the flow, mass and volumetric flow rates of the fluid. Experimental studies were performed in a wide range of mass flow rate 11,10–83,26 kg/s (40–300 t/h) with repeated static weighing of the working fluid. The flow switch is made with a fixed geometry of the flow part of the nozzle exit, which is typical for a large number of calibration units in use in our country with weighing devices. The graphical dependences of the mass flow rate on the time of filling the storage capacity obtained from the research results are the basis for optimizing the process of reproducing units of mass and volume of liquid in the flow, mass and volumetric flow rates of the liquid for calibration plants with weighing devices. These graphical dependencies made it possible to formulate recommendations on the reasonable choice of the minimum interval for filling the storage tank with working fluid in the studied range of mass flow rate. Optimization has been tested and can be extended to calibration units with weighing devices from various manufacturers with individual design and operating parameters.

The paper describes the principles of construction of modern standards in the field of electrical units with reference to quantum effects and fundamental constants in accordance with the new definitions of the SI system of units. The description of the methods used to build a quantum standards, description of the used measurement quantum transducers, modes and operation principle the experimental setup of the reference complex studied in this work. The description of the software developed for this task is given. The method of measurements and the results obtained in the course of experimental studies, which are in good agreement with theoretical studies, are described. Conclusions and tasks for future research are formulated. Field of application – metrology of measuring instruments of electrical units.