The paper considers positioning and timing as one of the common types of measurements in various radio navigation and radiolocation systems in the field of geodesy and radio communication. It is shown that an increase in the number of positioning and timing measuring instruments, as well as an increased level of requirements to the accuracy of user coordinate determinations has led to the relevance of developing the State primary special standard of position coordinates. The composition of the VNIIFTRI State primary special measurement standard of position coordinates GET 218-2022 is presented, which will allow providing the unity of coordinate and azimuth measurements, satellite geodetic and navigation equipment using the signals of global navigation satellite systems GLONASS, GPS, Galileo, BeiDou and ground augmentations. Metrological characteristics of GET 218-2022 in terms of storing absolute coordinates, reproducing/measuring unsolicited range by phases of distance code and carrier frequency, reproducing coordinates of global navigation satellite systems consumer, measuring coordinate increments into coordinate systems. The results of GET 218-2022 metrological characteristics research with regard to absolute coordinate storage and measurement of the consumer coordinate increments showed a comparable level of accuracy with the characteristics of the ITRS international system. Using GET 218-2022 it is possible to conduct tests of such prospective measuring instruments as high-precision pseudorange measuring systems, precision receivers of global navigation satellite systems in absolute/relative phase measurements mode.

Method for constructing a unified fundamental equation of state is developed. This fundamental equation of state is related to the matter and woks in a wide range of state parameters. The technique is based on the Benedek hypothesis and the method of pseudocritical points, which are based on the assertion that the isochoric and isobaric heat capacities, the isothermal compressibility coefficient, and the speed of sound in the vicinity of the critical point on the critical and noncritical isochores are described by power dependences with the same critical indices. There is a number of conditions, which considered in the work and connected with fundamental equation of state: it satisfies the requirements of the scaling theory for critical phenomena; in the gas region, it transforms into a virial equation of state; it satisfactorily transmits experimental data on thermal and caloric properties in wide temperature and pressure ranges; in the near-critical region, it describes experimental data on the density, the isochoric heat capacity, the isobaric heat capacity, and the speed of sound. It is built tables of standard reference data for argon in the temperature range from 83.806 K to 1200 K and at pressures from 0.1 to 1000 MPa on the basis of the fundamental equation of state.

Control charts are the important tool of the statistical process control that is intended to achieve the quality of product. Currents standards describe construction of control charts for processes with normally distributed output. The two-parameter generalization of Rayleigh distribution was found in some cases, particularly for internal and external cylindrical surfaces diameters under a defi nite locating and processing method. This article explains constructing Shewhart control charts for monitoring variation and shift of the process having the appointed distribution of quality characteristic. The results of the previous researches of the test statistics distributions were used. The quantiles of the distributions and other coeffi cients used for control chats constructing are presented. The example of the control charts construction is given. The results are applicable in statistical process control in quality management systems in addition to the standardized statistical methods, which are oriented to normally distributed data.

The problem of the mismatch between the measurement ranges of the laser radiation energy of the State secondary standard of the unit of energy 2.1.ZZA.0095.2017 and the calibrated measuring instruments for low energy levels of the laser beam - joulmeters, which occurs during calibration/verification, is considered. A method is proposed for extending the measurement range of laser radiation energy of a secondary standard during calibration and verification of laser joulemeters. The extended range of laser beam energies was 1·10^–9–5·10^–1 J. The metrological traceability of measurements from joulmeters to the secondary standard was achieved by two-stage attenuation of the source radiation from the standard. The first attenuation stage is a set of neutral filters, the second is an integrating sphere. The method of extending the energy measurement range of the secondary standard consists in dividing the algorithm of its operation into two main modes: standard certification and calibration/verification of joulmeters. The main modes consist of four stages. At each stage, the secondary standard is certified and the joulemeters are calibrated/verified in one of four separate ranges overlapping in pairs in approximately the same order of laser radiation energies, collectively covering the required range. A functional diagram of an improved secondary standard of the unit of energy, which implements the proposed method, has been developed. The modes of operation of the improved secondary standard in an extended range of measured energies are considered in detail. Calculation ratios are obtained, confirming the feasibility of the method.

The methods of measuring the divergence of a beam and the diameter of an equivalent circle in the cross section of a laser beam regulated by current standards are considered. The sources of error in measuring the power density distribution in the cross section of the laser beam are shown. The main source of error lies in taking into account only part of the distribution area in the calculation and the non-compliance of the measured distribution with the normal distribution law on which the recommendations of the standard are based. A method is proposed for calculating the diameter of an equivalent circle in the distribution of power density in the cross section of a laser beam, based on the results of shadow measurement. The method under consideration is based on the application of generalized parameters. An experimental measuring device is described that can be used to control the divergence and diameter of an equivalent circle in the cross section of laser beams in the mass production of lasers. The results of measuring the divergence of the radiation beam of a serial laser obtained by the proposed method are presented. The discrepancy between the measurement results by the shadow method and the slit scanning method according to the recommendation of the existing standard is calculated. The discrepancy reaches 60% depending on the shape of the measured distribution. The proposed method does not require complex equipment, has high sensitivity and is suitable for measuring other radiation sources.

The issues of improving the accuracy of lidar measurements of the concentration of hydrogen molecules in the atmosphere are considered. A computer simulation of the lidar equation was carried out for differential absorption and scattering by hydrogen molecules during vertical remote sensing of the atmosphere to a height of up to 1500 m taking into account the ratio of the halfwidths of the lasing lines and the lidar apparatus function. It is shown by the computer simulation results that the relative error value sharply falls in the ranging distance up to 50 m. The relative error values remain almost unchanged and not exceeds 0.02 at the distance after 800 m. These results will be applied to develop new differential absorption and scattering lidars for the remote sensing of the hydrogen molecules in the atmosphere.

The issues of time scales keeping and generation are considered. The frequency of performing intragroup monitoring of the rate of hydrogen masers is singled out as one of the factors affecting the reliability of the generation of the time scale. A new algorithm for the generation of a paper clock and physical time scale for a group of hydrogen masers is proposed, based on increasing the frequency of intragroup monitoring of the rate of hydrogen masers. As a result of using this algorithm, the time required to identify and subsequently compensate the variations in the rate of individual clocks was reduced from one day to several minutes. The paper clock formed in accordance with the new algorithm gives detailed information of the variations of the rate of individual hydrogen masers during the day. It is shown that both variations of the hydrogen masers rates and the error of the time interval counter, is contributing to the physical time scale instability. On the National time and frequency standard of Russia, it was experimentally confirmed that by increasing the frequency of intragroup monitoring in accordance with the new algorithm, the instability of the physical time scale for a time interval of observation more than 1 hour is reduced.

The new definition of the kilogram in the International System of Units is connected with fixing the value of Planck's constant. Practical implementation of the new definition of the kilogram is carried out by comparing mechanical and electrical powers in watt balance. One of the main components of the watt balance is a coil with a current, moving in a constant homogeneous magnetic field. The parameters of the coil movement affect the accuracy of the watt balance. The main requirements for the movement of the coil are verticality and the absence of additional movements, including rotations around the axis. In this paper, we propose the use of iris springs as a guide to ensure vertical movement of the watt balance coil. A characteristic feature of iris springs is their low longitudinal stiffness with considerable stiffness in the transverse directions. Since the iris spring has a complex geometric shape, a model approach is developed in which the real spring is replaced by a model that retains basic properties of the original iris spring. The model of the petal of the iris spring is considered in the form of a rectangular plate with the corresponding equations of thin plate theory. The forces acting on the petal of the iris spring are calculated for given deformations. In the weighing mode the spring is practically not deformed, and its action on the coil with a current is of the order of 10–6 N. The angles of rotation of the inner ring of the spring for a given set of heights are calculated. The design of the iris spring is proposed, which provides a vertical movement of the coil without rotation relative to the body of the watt balance.

A brief review of non-contact methods for viscosity measurement is given. It is shown that it is reasonable to use the pulse aerohydrodynamic method for the measurement of high viscosity (more than 10 Pa·s). The essence of the method is presented, it consists in deforming the tested liquid surface with a gas jet and determining the viscosity from the time takes to reach a predetermined degree of deformation from the moment when the jet was applied. The two models and two functions of the viscosity measurements are theoretically obtained for the pulsed aerohydrodynamic method. The theoretical evaluation of the lower measurement limit is performed. We conduct the experimental research of two viscosity measurement models at the aerodynamic action angles of 20° and 50° with the compensation of transient process in the moment of a solenoid valve opening and without it. It is found that to determine the viscosity by the time of the liquid surface deformation it is reasonable to apply the linear measurement function, not to use the compensation of transient process in the pneumatics, and utilize the aerodynamic action at angle of 20–30° to the liquid surface. It is experimentally proved that the viscosity measurement relative error is not more than 3 % in the interval of 0.5–100 Pa·s. The results is necessary for increase in the operability of liquid viscosity measurement in machine, paint, coating, food, chemical, electrical, and petroleum industries.

The problem of the infl uence of the effect of heat transfer between air inside a closed volume with heat-conducting walls and the external environment, as well as the infl uence of waves refl ected from the walls, on the magnitude of the acoustic impedance of air in a cylindrical closed volume with heat-conducting and heat-insulated walls is considered using numerical modeling. The numerical algorithm used in the study is based on the regularized Navier-Stokes equations with quasi-gas dynamic approach taking into account the viscosity of the air. The modulus of acoustic impedance of air calculated by simulation in a closed volume with heat-conducting walls showed a good match with the analytical formula confi rmed experimentally for low and infrasound frequencies of sound oscillations. The results are relevant both for the primary calibration of measurement microphones by the pressure reciprocity method and the pistonphone method, and for the study of acoustic processes in liquid and gaseous media by numerical simulation.