<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">izmertech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Измерительная техника</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-1025</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-5237</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32446/6/0368-1025it.2026-4-64-74</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">izmertech-2442</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОПТИКО-ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPTICOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Волоконно-оптические датчики на основе обратного рассеяния Мандельштама-Бриллюэна: метрологические характеристики и тренды развития</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fiber-optic sensors based on Mandelstam-Brillouin backscattering: metrological characteristics and development trends</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7019-1784</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богачков</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogachkov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Викторович Богачков, д-р техн. наук, доцент, профессор кафедры</p><p>644050, Омск, пр-т Мира, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor V. Bogachkov, Dr. Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Professor of Department</p><p>644050, Omsk, Mira ave., 11</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bogachkov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3614-8325</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горлов</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorlov</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Ильич Горлов, д-р техн. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры</p><p>630102, Новосибирск, ул. Кирова, 86</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai I. Gorlov, D. Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Professor of Department</p><p>630102, Novosibirsk, Kirova st., 86</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gorlovnik@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гармаева</surname><given-names>Э. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garmaeva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эржена Владимировна Гармаева, аспирант</p><p>670031, Улан-Удэ, Трубачеева ул., 152</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Erzhena V. Garmaeva, Postgraduate Student</p><p>670031, Ulan-Ude, Trubacheeva st., 152</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">erzhena.garmaeva51@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-2453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Китова</surname><given-names>Е. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kitova</surname><given-names>E. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгения Тарасовна Китова, канд. педагогических наук, доцент кафедры</p><p>630073, Новосибирск, пр. К. Маркса, 20</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenia T. Kitova, Cand. Sc. (Pedagogical), Associate Professor of Department</p><p>630073, Novosibirsk, K. Marks ave., 20</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kitovaet@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Омский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный университет телекоммуникаций и информатики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Computer Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Бурятский институт инфокоммуникаций (филиал) Сибирского государственного университета телекоммуникаций и информатики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Buryat Institute of Infocommunications (branch) of Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Computer Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Новосибирский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Богачков И.В., Горлов Н.И., Гармаева Э.В., Китова Е.Т., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Богачков И.В., Горлов Н.И., Гармаева Э.В., Китова Е.Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bogachkov I.V., Gorlov N.I., Garmaeva E.V., Kitova E.T.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.izmt.ru/jour/article/view/2442">https://www.izmt.ru/jour/article/view/2442</self-uri><abstract><p>Волоконно-оптические датчики, основанные на обратном рассеянии Мандельштама-Бриллюэна, представляют собой перспективный класс распределённых оптических датчиков для одновременного мониторинга температуры и деформации оптического волокна вдоль протяжённых объектов инфраструктуры. До настоящего времени ключевые метрологические характеристики таких датчиков анализировали без установления корреляционных связей между ними. Однако при разработке исследуемых датчиков необходим комплексный анализ основных метрологических характеристик, который позволяет более точно прогнозировать реальные метрологические характеристики датчика в условиях одновременного воздействия нескольких факторов. Актуальность комплексного анализа обусловлена необходимостью перехода от оценочных измерений к системному проектированию с целью достижения требуемой точности и стабильности датчика в рабочих условиях. Проведён комплексный анализ таких ключевых метрологических характеристик датчиков, основанных на обратном рассеянии Мандельштама-Бриллюэна, как пространственное разрешение, динамический диапазон, погрешности и скорость измерений. Установлено, что пространственное разрешение исследуемых волоконно-оптических датчиков обусловлено временем релаксации акустических фононов и ограничивается значением около 1 м, однако применение методов дифференциального импульса и синтетического анализа спектра позволяет достичь разрешения 0,1–0,4 м. Проанализирована чувствительность волоконно-оптических датчиков к изменениям температуры и механической деформации. Получены линейные зависимости сдвига частоты Бриллюэна от деформации, однако из-за взаимной чувствительности этих параметров для их разделения использованы гибридные методы. Исследованы методы оптимизации отношения сигнал/шум с использованием волоконных усилителей, одиночно-фотонных детекторов и алгоритмических фильтров. Показано, что применение комбинированного рамановского усиления позволяет расширить дальность измерения температуры и деформации оптического волокна до 120 км при сохранении пространственного разрешения 5 м и температурной погрешности в пределах ±(1–2) °C. Детально исследованы компромиссные соотношения между основными метрологическими характеристиками волоконно-оптических датчиков на основе обратного рассеяния Мандельштама-Бриллюэна. Данные анализа метрологических характеристик важны для определения приоритетных направлений совершенствования волоконно-оптических датчиков. Полученные результаты имеют практическое значение при проектировании исследованных волоконно-оптических датчиков для структурного мониторинга критически важной инфраструктуры, включая мосты, дамбы, туннели и т. п.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Fiber-optic sensors operating on Mandelstam-Brillouin backscattering represent a promising class of distributed optical sensors for simultaneous temperature and deformation monitoring in extended infrastructure objects. To date the key sensor metrological characteristics have been analyzed without establishing correlations between them. However, a complex analysis of the main metrological characteristics is required when designing the sensors under discussion. A comprehensive analysis makes it possible to more accurately predict the actual metrological characteristics of a sensor under the simultaneous influence of several factors. The relevance is dictated by the need to move from estimated measurements to system design in order to ensure the required accuracy and stability of the sensor in operating conditions. A complex analysis of the sensor key functional characteristics is conducted including spatial resolution, dynamic range, measurement errors, and measurement speed. It is found that the spatial resolution of the investigated fiber-optic sensors depends on the acoustic phonons relaxation time and is limited to the value of approximately 1 m, however, the application of differential pulse methods and synthetic spectrum analysis makes it possible to obtain a resolution of 0.1–0.4 m. The sensitivity of fiber-optic sensors to the temperature changes and mechanical deformation is analyzed. The linear dependences of the Brillouin frequency shift on deformation are determined. However, the mutual sensitivity of the parameters requires the use of hybrid methods for their separation. The methods of optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio by using fiber amplifiers, single photon detectors and algorithmic filters are investigated. It is shown that the use of combined Raman amplification allows extending the measurement range up to 120 km while maintaining a spatial resolution of 5 m and a temperature error within ±(1–2) °C. The compromise relations between the key metrological characteristics of fiber-optic sensors operating on the Mandelstam-Brillouin backscattering are investigated in details. The data of the metrological characteristics analysis are critically important for defining the main trends in the sensor developments. The results obtained are of practical importance for designing the fiber-optic sensors of this type which are applied in structural monitoring the complex engineering infrastructures, including bridges, dams, tunnels. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>волоконно-оптические датчики</kwd><kwd>обратное рассеяние Мандельштама-Бриллюэна</kwd><kwd>пространственное разрешение</kwd><kwd>метрологические характеристики</kwd><kwd>мониторинг</kwd><kwd>деформация оптического волокна</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fiber-optic sensors</kwd><kwd>Mandelstam-Brillouin backscattering</kwd><kwd>spatial resolution</kwd><kwd>metrological characteristics</kwd><kwd>monitoring</kwd><kwd>optical fiber deformation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horiguchi T., Shimizu K., Kurashima T., Tateda M., Koyamada Y. Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.400684</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horiguchi T., Shimizu K., Kurashima T., Tateda M., Koyamada Y. Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.400684</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belal M., Newson T. Experimental examination of the variation of the spontaneous Brillouin power and frequency coefficients under the combined influence of temperature and strain. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 30(8), 1250–1255 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2011.2169393</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belal M., Newson T. Experimental examination of the variation of the spontaneous Brillouin power and frequency coefficients under the combined influence of temperature and strain. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 30(8), 1250–1255 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2011.2169393</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng H., Fang Z., Wang Z., Lu B., Cao Y, Ye Q., Qu R., Haiwen C. Brillouin frequency shift of fiber distributed sensors extracted from noisy signals by quadratic fitting. Sensors, 18(2), 1250–1261 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020409</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng H., Fang Z., Wang Z., Lu B., Cao Y, Ye Q., Qu R., Haiwen C. Brillouin frequency shift of fiber distributed sensors extracted from noisy signals by quadratic fitting. Sensors, 18(2), 1250–1261 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020409</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soto M. A., Thévenaz L. Modeling and evaluating the performance of Brillouin distributed optical fiber sensors. Optics Express, 21(25), 956–967 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.031347</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soto M. A., Thévenaz L. Modeling and evaluating the performance of Brillouin distributed optical fiber sensors. Optics Express, 21(25), 956–967 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.031347</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garus D., Gogolla T., Krebber K., Schliep F. Brillouin optical-fiber frequency-domain analysis for distributed temperature and strain measurements. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15(7), 654–662 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.566687</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garus D., Gogolla T., Krebber K., Schliep F. Brillouin optical-fiber frequency-domain analysis for distributed temperature and strain measurements. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15(7), 654–662 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.566687</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bao X., Webb D. J., Jackson D. A. 22-km distributed temperature sensor using Brillouin gain in an optical fiber. Optics Letters, 18(7), 552–554 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.18.000552</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bao X., Webb D. J., Jackson D. A. 22-km distributed temperature sensor using Brillouin gain in an optical fiber. Optics Letters, 18(7), 552–554 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.18.000552</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peled Y., Motil A., Tur M. Fast Brillouin optical time domain analysis for dynamic sensing. Optics Express, 20(8), 8584–8591 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.008584</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peled Y., Motil A., Tur M. Fast Brillouin optical time domain analysis for dynamic sensing. Optics Express, 20(8), 8584–8591 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.008584</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azad A. K., Wang L, Guo N., Tam H-Y., Lu C. Signal processing using artificial neural network for BOTDA sensor system. Optics Express, 24(6), 6769–6782 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.006769</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azad A. K., Wang L, Guo N., Tam H-Y., Lu C. Signal processing using artificial neural network for BOTDA sensor system. Optics Express, 24(6), 6769–6782 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.006769</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu H., Wang L, Guo N., Shu C., Lu C. Brillouin optical time-domain analyzer assisted by support vector machine for ultrafast temperature extraction. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 35(19), 4159–4167 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2739421</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu H., Wang L, Guo N., Shu C., Lu C. Brillouin optical time-domain analyzer assisted by support vector machine for ultrafast temperature extraction. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 35(19), 4159–4167 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2739421</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan X., Barker P. F., Meschanov A., Grinstead J. H., Shneider M. N., Miles R. B. Temperature measurements by coherent Rayleigh scattering. Optics Letters, 27(3), 161–163 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.27.000161 ; https://elibrary.ru/fvdlhb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan X., Barker P. F., Meschanov A., Grinstead J. H., Shneider M. N., Miles R. B. Temperature measurements by coherent Rayleigh scattering. Optics Letters, 27(3), 161–163 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.27.000161 ; https://elibrary.ru/fvdlhb</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bao X., Dhliwayo J., Heron N., Webb D. J., Jackson D. A. Experimental and theoretical studies on a distributed temperature sensor based on Brillouin scattering. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 13(7), 1340–1348 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.400678</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bao X., Dhliwayo J., Heron N., Webb D. J., Jackson D. A. Experimental and theoretical studies on a distributed temperature sensor based on Brillouin scattering. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 13(7), 1340–1348 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.400678</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Z., Zhao L. Investigation of Brillouin frequency shift error estimated by quadratic fitting and the improved algorithm. Optic, 241(8), 166456 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166456 ; https://elibrary.ru/ddncqu</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Z., Zhao L. Investigation of Brillouin frequency shift error estimated by quadratic fitting and the improved algorithm. Optic, 241(8), 166456 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166456 ; https://elibrary.ru/ddncqu</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thévenaz L., Niklès M., Fellay A., Facchini M., Robert P. Truly distributed strain and temperature sensing using embedded optical fibers. Proceedings of SPIE, 3330, 301–314 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.316986</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thévenaz L., Niklès M., Fellay A., Facchini M., Robert P. Truly distributed strain and temperature sensing using embedded optical fibers. Proceedings of SPIE, 3330, 301–314 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.316986</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Константинов Ю. А., Крюков И. И., Первадчук В. П., Торошин А. Ю. Поляризационная рефлектометрия анизотропных волоконных световодов. Квантовая электроника, 39(11), 1068–1070 (2009). https://elibrary.ru/mwshwx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinov Y., Kryukov I., Pervadchuk V., Toroshin A. Polarisation reflectometry of anisotropic optical fibres. Quantum Electronics, 39(11), 1068–1070 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1070/QE2009v039n11ABEH014171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барков Ф. Л., Константинов Ю. А., Бочкова С. Д., Смирнов А. С., Бурдин В. В., Кривошеев А. И., Носова Е. А., Сметанников О. Ю. Моделирование метода поляризационной оптической рефлектометрии в частотной области анизотропных волоконных световодов, подверженных осевому кручению. Квантовая Электроника, 49(5), 514–517 (2019). https://elibrary.ru/bvlupe</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barkov F. L., Konstantinov Yu. A., Bochkova S. D., Smirnov A. S., Burdin V. V., Krivosheev A. I., Nosova E. A., Smetannikov O. Yu. Modelling of polarised optical frequency domain reflectometry of axially twisted anisotropic optical fibres. Quantum Electronics, 49(5), 514–517 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1070/qel16832 ; https://elibrary.ru/ctfxby</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown A., Colpitts, B., Brown, K. Dark-pulse Brillouin optical time-domain sensor with 20-mm spatial resolution. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 25(1), 381–386 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2006.886672</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown A., Colpitts, B., Brown, K. Dark-pulse Brillouin optical time-domain sensor with 20-mm spatial resolution. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 25(1), 381–386 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2006.886672</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang F., Bao X., Chen L., Li Y., Snoddy J., Zhang X. Using pulse with dark base to achieve high spatial and frequency resolution for the distributed Brillouin sensor. Optics Letters, 33(22), 2707–2709 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.33.002707</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang F., Bao X., Chen L., Li Y., Snoddy J., Zhang X. Using pulse with dark base to achieve high spatial and frequency resolution for the distributed Brillouin sensor. Optics Letters, 33(22), 2707–2709 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.33.002707</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богачков И. В. Анализ характеристик рассеяния Мандельштама-Бриллюэна в разновидностях эрбиевых оптических волокон. Омский научный вестник, 192(4), 108–116 (2024). https://doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2024-192-108-116 ; https://elibrary.ru/gyutjm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogachkov I. V. Analysis of the characteristics of Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering in varieties of erbium optical fibers. Omsk Scientific Bulletin, 192(4), 108–116 (2024). (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2024-192-108-116 ; https://elibrary.ru/gyutjm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кривошеев А. И., Барков Ф. Л., Константинов Ю. А., Белокрылов М. Е. Современные методы определения частотного сдвига рассеяния Мандельштама-Бриллюэна в волоконно-оптической метрологии и сенсорике (обзор). Приборы и техника эксперимента, (5), 5–30 (2022). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0032816222050275 ; https://elibrary.ru/cvroca</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krivosheev A. I., Barkov F. L., Konstantinov Yu. A. et al. State-of-the-Art methods for determining the frequency shift of Brillouin scattering in fiber-optic metrology and sensing. Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 65(5), 687–710 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020441222050268</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белокрылов М. Е., Клод Д., Константинов Ю. А., Карнаушкин П. В., Овчинников К. А., Криштоп В. В., Гилев Д. Г., Барков Ф. Л., Пономарев Р. С. Способ увеличения отношения сигнал/шум регистрируемого оптическим рефлектометром частотной области обратно-рассеянного рэлеевского излучения при помощи двухкаскадного эрбиевого усиления. Приборы и техника эксперимента, (5), 56–63 (2023). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0032816223050178 ; https://elibrary.ru/zuwzbo</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belokrylov M. E., Claude D., Konstantinov Yu. A. et al. Method for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of Rayleigh back-scattered radiation registered by a frequency domain optical reflectometer using two-stage erbium amplification. Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 66(5), 761–768 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S002044122305017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
