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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">izmertech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Измерительная техника</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-1025</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-5237</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32446/0368-1025it.2026-1-66-72</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">izmertech-2439</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОПТИКО-ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPTICOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка влияния малых отклонений управляющих сигналов модулятора Маха-Цендера на оптический и радиочастотный спектры модулированного сигнала</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation of the influence of small deviations of the control signals of the Mach-Zehnder modulator on the optical and radio frequency spectra of the modulated signal</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8141-9092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казьмин</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazmin</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максим Игоревич Казьмин, инженер кафедры лазерной физики</p><p>115409, Москва, Каширское ш., 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim I. Kazmin, Engineer of the Department of Laser Physics</p><p>115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe hwy., 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">MIKazmin@mephi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3515-5822</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Небавский</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nebavskiy</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Всеволод Алексеевич Небавский, канд. физ.-мат. наук, доцент кафедры лазерной физики</p><p>115409, Москва, Каширское ш., 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vsevolod A. Nebavskiy, Cand. Sc. (Physics and Mathematics), Associate Professor of the Department of Laser Physics</p><p>115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe hwy., 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nozaler@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родин</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodin</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислав Геннадьевич Родин, д-р физ.-мат. наук, профессор кафедры лазерной физики</p><p>115409, Москва, Каширское ш., 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav G. Rodin, D. Sc. (Physics and Mathematics), Leading Researcher of the Department of Laser Physics</p><p>115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe hwy., 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">holo_mephi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-1565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стариков</surname><given-names>Р. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starikov</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ростислав Сергеевич Стариков, д-р физ.-мат. наук, профессор кафедры лазерной физики</p><p>115409, Москва, Каширское ш., 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rostislav S. Starikov, D. Sc. (Physics and Mathematics), Professor of the Department of Laser Physics</p><p>115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe hwy., 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rstarikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3727-857X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терехин</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Terekhin</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислав Владимирович Терехин, техник кафедры микро- и наноэлектроники</p><p>115409, Москва, Каширское ш., 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav V. Terekhin, the Technician of the Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics</p><p>115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe hwy., 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Terekhinvladislav@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-2663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черёмхин</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cheremkhin</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павел Аркадьевич Черёмхин, канд. физ.-мат. наук, доцент кафедры лазерной физики</p><p>115409, Москва, Каширское ш., 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel A. Cheremkhin, Cand. Sc. (Physics and Mathematics), Associate Professor of the Department of Laser Physics</p><p>115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe hwy., 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">PACheremkhin@mephi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Nuclear University MEPhI</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ", 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.izmt.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.izmt.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.izmt.ru/jour/article/view/2439">https://www.izmt.ru/jour/article/view/2439</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассмотрена задача микроволновой фотоники – разработка и измерение характеристик сверхвысокочастотных систем модуляции оптического излучения, основанных на модуляторах Маха-Цендера. Использование сверхвысокоразрещающих оптических спектрометров для измерения спектрального состава излучения на выходе модулятора в процессе работы позволяет выявить потери и дисбаланс поданной на модулятор СВЧ-мощности, что затруднительно после фотодетектирования. Проанализированы три вида отклонений управляющих сигналов модулятора от оптимальных значений: точность выставления рабочей точки; неравенство затуханий; неравенство абсолютных значений напряжений сигналов в плечах модуляторов. Для оценки влияния эффектов всех указанных отклонений использованы составы оптических и радиочастотных спектров, полученные в результате численного моделирования и экспериментов по модуляции излучения синусоидальным сигналом в разных режимах работы стандартного модулятора Маха-Цендера. Показано, что при уровне отклонений 1 % наибольший вклад в спектральные искажения вносит точность выставления рабочей точки. Предложены методы экспериментальной оценки влияния отклонений от оптимальных значений управляющих сигналов модулятора на его параметры. Данные методы позволяют оценивать по аналитической зависимости мощности спектральных составляющих оптического спектра от различных отклонений дисбаланс СВЧ-мощности в плечах модулятора с погрешностью 1 % при погрешности контроллера рабочей точки 0,1 %.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article addresses a pressing issue in microwave photonics: the development and measurement of the characteristics of ultra-high-frequency optical modulation systems based on Mach-Zehnder modulators. Using ultrahigh-resolution optical spectrometers to measure the spectral composition of a modulator during operation allows us to identify features that cannot be measured after photodetection. Three types of control signal deviations are investigated: operating point setting accuracy, attenuation inequality in the modulator arms, and inequality in the absolute values of signal voltages on different arms of the modulator. The presented spectral compositions of the optical and radio-frequency spectra, obtained through numerical simulation and experiments on modulating radiation with a sinusoidal signal in different operating modes of a standard Mach-Zehnder modulator, allow us to evaluate the infl uence of these effects. It is shown that for deviations less than 1 %, the greatest contribution to spectral distortion is due to the accuracy of the operating point setting. Experimental evaluation methods are proposed for measuring deviation. The obtained results and conclusions provide new opportunities for assessing the manufacturing quality of standard modulators, as well as the accuracy of operating point control systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микроволновая фотоника</kwd><kwd>радиофотоника</kwd><kwd>модулятор Маха-Цендера</kwd><kwd>нелинейные искажения</kwd><kwd>контроль рабочей точки</kwd><kwd>оптический спектр</kwd><kwd>радиочастотный спектр</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microwave photonics</kwd><kwd>Mach-Zehnder modulator</kwd><kwd>nonlinear distortions</kwd><kwd>bias point control</kwd><kwd>optical spectrum</kwd><kwd>radio frequency spectrum</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (РНФ), грант № 24-19-00898.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by Russian Science found (RSF), grant no. 24-19-00898.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C., Fang D., Zhang J. et al. 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