izmertechИзмерительная техникаIzmeritel`naya Tekhnika0368-10252949-5237ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"10.32446/0368-1025it.2025-2-5-12izmertech-2318Research ArticleФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕТРОЛОГИИFUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF METROLOGYПостоянная тонкой структуры: обзор результатов измерений и возможных пространственно-временны́х вариацийThe fine structure constant: a review of measurement results and possible space-time variationshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-7558БронниковК. А.BronnikovK. A.

Кирилл Александрович Бронников

Москва

Kirill A. Bronnikov

Moscow

kb@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-2658ИващукВ. Д.IvashchukV. D.

Владимир Дмитриевич Иващук

Москва

Vladimir D. Ivashchuk

Moscow

VladimirDI@rostest.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1287-5846ХрущевВ. В.KhruschovV. V.

Вячеслав Владимирович Хрущев

Москва

Viacheslav V. Khruschov

Moscow

VyacheslavVK@rostest.ruНаучно-исследовательский центр прикладной метрологии - РостестРоссияResearch Center for Applied Metrology – RostestRussian Federation202506062025742516Copyright © ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ", 20252025ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"https://www.izmt.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.izmt.ru/jour/article/view/2318

Дано краткое описание основных методов определения постоянной тонкой структуры. Показано, что точное значение постоянной тонкой структуры важно для новой Международной системы единиц и фундаментальной метрологии. Представлены современные результаты измерений и теоретических расчётов постоянной тонкой структуры, а также её возможных пространственно-временны́х вариаций. Приведены результаты лабораторных экспериментов по поиску долговременных вариаций постоянной тонкой структуры. Приведены данные астрофизических и космологических наблюдений о возможной переменности постоянной тонкой структуры. Отмечены возможность несколько меньших значений постоянной тонкой структуры в удалённом прошлом по сравнению с её современным значением, а также существование нерешённых проблем, связанных с возможными пространственно-временны́ми вариациями постоянной тонкой структуры и разбросом результатов её точных лабораторных измерений. Несмотря на отсутствие экспериментально подтверждённых на высоком уровне точности долговременных вариаций постоянной тонкой структуры отмечены возможные практические применения полученных результатов, а именно создание оптического стандарта частоты с высокой стабильностью и точностью воспроизведения частоты излучения на основе иона иттербия-171 и лазерного синтезатора частоты, который, возможно, придёт на смену цезиевому стандарту частоты.

A brief description of the main methods for determining the fine structure constant is given. It is shown that the exact value of the fine structure constant is important for the new International System of Units and for fundamental metrology. Recent measurement results and theoretical calculations of the fine structure constant, as well as its possible space-time variations, are presented. The results of laboratory experiments on the search for long-term variations of the fine structure constant are presented. The astrophysical and cosmological observational data on possible variability of the fine structure constant are presented. The possibility of slightly lower values of the fine structure constant in the remote past as compared to its modern value, as well as the existence of unresolved problems related to possible space-time variations of the fine structure constant and the spread of the results of its precise laboratory measurements, are noted. Despite the absence of experimentally confirmed long-term variations of the fine structure constant at a high level of accuracy, possible practical applications of the results are noted, namely, the construction of an optical frequency standard with high stability and frequency reproduction accuracy based on the ytterbium-171 ion and a laser frequency synthesizer which may replace the caesium frequency standard.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.