izmertechИзмерительная техникаIzmeritel`naya Tekhnika0368-10252949-5237ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"10.32446/0368-1025it.2022-3-45-52izmertech-1554Research ArticleИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ВРЕМЕНИ И ЧАСТОТЫTIME AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTSКомплекс микрогравитационных испытаний для мобильных и портативных оптических стандартов частотыMicrogravity test complex for mobile and portable optical frequency standardshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-4479ВялыхА. П.VyalykhA. P.

Антон Павлович Вялых

г. п. Менделеево, Московская обл.

Anton P. Vyalykh

Mendeleevo, Moscow region

apv11110000@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-5977СеменкоА. В.SemenkoA. V.

Анастасия Викторовна Семенко

г. п. Менделеево, Московская обл.

Anastasia V. Semenko

Mendeleevo, Moscow region

semenko_av@vniiftri.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-0278СутыринД. В.SutyrinD. V.

Денис Владимирович Сутырин

г. п. Менделеево, Московская обл.

Denis V. Sutyrin

Mendeleevo, Moscow region

sutyrin@vniiftri.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-6207БелотеловГ. С.BelotelovG. S.

Глеб Сергеевич Белотелов

г. п. Менделеево, Московская обл.

Gleb S. Belotelov

Mendeleevo, Moscow region

belotelov@vniiftri.ruСлюсаревС. Н.SlyusarevS. N.

Сергей Николаевич Слюсарев

г. п. Менделеево, Московская обл.

Sergey N. Slyusarev

Mendeleevo, Moscow region

slyusarev@vniiftri.ruВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физико-технических и радиотехнических измеренийРоссияRussian Metrological Institute of Technical Physics and Radio Engineering MeasurementsRussian Federation202227042023034552Copyright © ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ", 20232023ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"ФГУП "ВНИИФТРИ"https://www.izmt.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.izmt.ru/jour/article/view/1554

Рассмотрены вопросы применения оптических квантовых стандартов (квантовых сенсоров) на основе холодных атомов в спутниковой навигации. Описаны преимущества размещения квантовых сенсоров на основе холодных атомов в космосе. Показано, что для повышения точности измерений с использованием квантовых сенсоров необходимо исследовать их работу в состоянии невесомости или микрогравитации на специальных платформах. Дан обзор основных платформ, обеспечивающих условия микрогравитации. Предложен вариант испытательной платформы – комплекс испытанийпадения по параболической траектории, представляющий собой горки различных форм с передвигающейся вагонеткой. Подробно описано четыре конфигурации горок, для каждой реализована компьютерная симуляция. Проведён сравнительный анализ характеристик горок, выявлены их преимущества и недостатки, найдена наиболее эффективная конфигурация. Предложен способ повышения качества микрогравитации, который планируется использовать в будущем.

The questions of application of optical quantum standards (quantum sensors) based on cold atoms in satellite navigation are considered. The advantages of placing OFS based on cold atoms in space are described. It is shown that in order to improve the accuracy of measurements using quantum sensors, it is necessary to study their operation in a state of weightlessness or microgravity on special platforms. A review of the main platforms providing microgravity conditions is given. A fundamentally new version of the test platform is proposed – slides of various shapes with a moving trolley. Four confi gurations of slides are described in detail, for each a computer simulation is implemented. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the slides has been carried out, their advantages and disadvantages have been identifi ed, and the most eff ective confi guration has been found. A method for improving the quality of microgravity is proposed, which will be taken into account in the future.

оптический стандарт частотынавигациягравиметриямикрогравитациябашня свободного паденияпараболический полетлифт Эйнштейнаoptical frequency standardnavigationgravimetrymicrogravityfree fall towerparabolic fl ightEinstein elevatorReferencesB loom B. J., Nicholson T. L., Williams J. R., Campbell S. L., Bishof M., Zhang X., Zhang W., Bromley S. L., Ye J., Nature, 2014, vol. 506, 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/Nature12941B loom B. J., Nicholson T. L., Williams J. R., Campbell S. L., Bishof M., Zhang X., Zhang W., Bromley S. L., Ye J., Nature, 2014, vol. 506, 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/Nature12941Nich olson T. L., et al., Nature communications, 2015, vol. 6, 6896. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7896Nich olson T. L., et al., Nature communications, 2015, vol. 6, 6896. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7896Ushijima I., Takamoto M., Das M. et al., Nature Photonics, 2015, vol. 9, pp. 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.5Ushijima I., Takamoto M., Das M. et al., Nature Photonics, 2015, vol. 9, pp. 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.5Xie Ju n, et al., Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies, Springer, Singapore, 2021.Xie Ju n, et al., Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies, Springer, Singapore, 2021.Liu Lian g, et al., Nature communications, 2018, vol. 9, 2760. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05219-zLiu Lian g, et al., Nature communications, 2018, vol. 9, 2760. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05219-zSchi ller S. et al., Precision test of General Relativity and the Equivalence Principle using ultrastable optical clocks: a mission proposal, Proceeding 39th ESLAB Symposium “Trends in Space Science and Cosmic Vision 2020”, pp. 39–42, F. Favata, J. Sanz-Forcada, A. Gimenez, eds., ESA SP-588, 2005.Schi ller S. et al., Precision test of General Relativity and the Equivalence Principle using ultrastable optical clocks: a mission proposal, Proceeding 39th ESLAB Symposium “Trends in Space Science and Cosmic Vision 2020”, pp. 39–42, F. Favata, J. Sanz-Forcada, A. Gimenez, eds., ESA SP-588, 2005.Andr ew D. Ludlow, Martin M. Boyd, Jun Ye, Ekkehard Peik, Piet O. Schmidt, https://arxiv.org/abs:1407.3493v2 [physics.atomph] (2015), pp. 62–64.Andr ew D. Ludlow, Martin M. Boyd, Jun Ye, Ekkehard Peik, Piet O. Schmidt, https://arxiv.org/abs:1407.3493v2 [physics.atomph] (2015), pp. 62–64.Sch iller S., et al., Nuclear Physics B – Proceedings Supplements, 2007, vol. 166, pp. 300–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2006.12.032Sch iller S., et al., Nuclear Physics B – Proceedings Supplements, 2007, vol. 166, pp. 300–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2006.12.032Tapl ey B. D. et al., Science, 2004, vol. 305, 5683, pp. 503– 505. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099192Tapl ey B. D. et al., Science, 2004, vol. 305, 5683, pp. 503– 505. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099192Belotelov G. S., Sutyrin D. V., Slyusarev S. N., Towards a Transportable Optical Frequency Standard on Neutral Ytterbium Atoms, Rocket-Space Device Engineering and Information Systems, 2019, vol. 6 (1), pp. 24–31. (In Russ) https://doi.org/10.30894/issn2409-0239.2019.6.1.24.31Belotelov G. S., Sutyrin D. V., Slyusarev S. N., Towards a Transportable Optical Frequency Standard on Neutral Ytterbium Atoms, Rocket-Space Device Engineering and Information Systems, 2019, vol. 6 (1), pp. 24–31. (In Russ) https://doi.org/10.30894/issn2409-0239.2019.6.1.24.31We stergaard Philip G., Jérôme Lodewyck, Lisete Maria Lorini, Arnaud Lecallier, Physical review letters, 2011, vol. 106 (21), 210801. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.210801We stergaard Philip G., Jérôme Lodewyck, Lisete Maria Lorini, Arnaud Lecallier, Physical review letters, 2011, vol. 106 (21), 210801. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.210801Fal ke Stephan, et al., 2013, https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3419v1 [physics.atom-ph].Fal ke Stephan, et al., 2013, https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3419v1 [physics.atom-ph].YuNan, Kohel J., Kellogg J. et al., Applied Physics B, 2006, vol. 84 (4), pp. 647–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2376-xYuNan, Kohel J., Kellogg J. et al., Applied Physics B, 2006, vol. 84 (4), pp. 647–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2376-xAsen baum Peter, et al., Physical Review Letters, 2020, vol. 125 (19), 191101. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.191101Asen baum Peter, et al., Physical Review Letters, 2020, vol. 125 (19), 191101. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.191101Drink water M. R., Floberghagen R., Haagmans R., Muzi D., Popescu A., Space Science Reviews, 2003, vol. 108 (1-2), pp. 419– 432. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1333-7_36Drink water M. R., Floberghagen R., Haagmans R., Muzi D., Popescu A., Space Science Reviews, 2003, vol. 108 (1-2), pp. 419– 432. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1333-7_36Johannessen J. A., Balmino G., Le Provost C. et al., Surveys in Geophysics, 2003, vol. 24, pp. 339–386. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEOP.0000004264.04667.5eJohannessen J. A., Balmino G., Le Provost C. et al., Surveys in Geophysics, 2003, vol. 24, pp. 339–386. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEOP.0000004264.04667.5eReig ber, C., Jochmann, H., Wünsch, J., et al., Earth observation with CHAMP, 2005, pp. 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26800-6_4Reig ber, C., Jochmann, H., Wünsch, J., et al., Earth observation with CHAMP, 2005, pp. 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26800-6_4Brockmann J. M., Zehentner N., Höck E., Pail R., Loth I., Mayer-Gürr T., Schuh W-D., Geophysical Research Letters, 2014, vol. 41 (22), pp. 8089–8099. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061904Brockmann J. M., Zehentner N., Höck E., Pail R., Loth I., Mayer-Gürr T., Schuh W-D., Geophysical Research Letters, 2014, vol. 41 (22), pp. 8089–8099. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061904Agu ilera D. N., Ahlers H., Battelier A., et. al., Classical and Quantum Gravity, 2014, vol. 31 (11), 115010. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/31/11/115010Agu ilera D. N., Ahlers H., Battelier A., et. al., Classical and Quantum Gravity, 2014, vol. 31 (11), 115010. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/31/11/115010Alts chul B., Bailey Q. G., Blanchet L., et. al., Advances in Space Research, 2015, vol. 55 (1), pp. 501–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2014.07.014Alts chul B., Bailey Q. G., Blanchet L., et. al., Advances in Space Research, 2015, vol. 55 (1), pp. 501–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2014.07.014Chi ow S. W., Williams J., Yu N., Müller H., Physical Review A, 2017, vol. 95 (2), 021603. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.95.021603Chi ow S. W., Williams J., Yu N., Müller H., Physical Review A, 2017, vol. 95 (2), 021603. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.95.021603Willia ms J., Chiow S. W., Yu N., Müller H., New Journal of Physics, 2016, vol. 18 (2), 025018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/025018Willia ms J., Chiow S. W., Yu N., Müller H., New Journal of Physics, 2016, vol. 18 (2), 025018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/025018Malc olm Jonathan Ian, Doctoral dissertation of philosophy (University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 2016).Malc olm Jonathan Ian, Doctoral dissertation of philosophy (University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 2016).Bon gs K., Boyer V., Cruise M. A., et. al., Proc. SPIE 9900, Quantum Optics, SPIE Photonics Europe, 2016, Brussels, Belgium, 990009. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232143Bon gs K., Boyer V., Cruise M. A., et. al., Proc. SPIE 9900, Quantum Optics, SPIE Photonics Europe, 2016, Brussels, Belgium, 990009. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232143Ell iott Ethan R., et al., Microgravity, 2018, vol. 4 (1), pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-018-0049-9Ell iott Ethan R., et al., Microgravity, 2018, vol. 4 (1), pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-018-0049-9Wa rner Marvin, et al., On the design of BECCAL–a quantum optics experiment aboard the ISS, Proceedings of the 69th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany, 1–5 October 2018, IAF, 2018, IAC-18, A2, IP, 7, x46028, available at: https://iafastro.directory/iac/archive/browse/IAC-18/A2/IP/46028/ (accessed 03.02.2022).Wa rner Marvin, et al., On the design of BECCAL–a quantum optics experiment aboard the ISS, Proceedings of the 69th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany, 1–5 October 2018, IAF, 2018, IAC-18, A2, IP, 7, x46028, available at: https://iafastro.directory/iac/archive/browse/IAC-18/A2/IP/46028/ (accessed 03.02.2022).Schille r S., et al., Let’s embrace space, 2012, vol. 2 (45), 452. https://doi.org/10.2769/31208Schille r S., et al., Let’s embrace space, 2012, vol. 2 (45), 452. https://doi.org/10.2769/31208Schi ller S., et al., ELIPS-3 The Space Optical Clocks (SOC) Project Final Report, 2012, available at: http://www.exphy. uni-duesseldorf.de/PDF/Space%20Optical%20Clocks%20 Final%20Report%20v11%20version%20for%20double-sided% 20printing%20v3.pdf (accessed 25.02.2022).Schi ller S., et al., ELIPS-3 The Space Optical Clocks (SOC) Project Final Report, 2012, available at: http://www.exphy. uni-duesseldorf.de/PDF/Space%20Optical%20Clocks%20 Final%20Report%20v11%20version%20for%20double-sided% 20printing%20v3.pdf (accessed 25.02.2022).Cacc iapuoti L., Salomon C., European Physical Journal Special Topics, 2009, vol. 172 (1), pp. 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1140/EPJST/E2009-01041-7Cacc iapuoti L., Salomon C., European Physical Journal Special Topics, 2009, vol. 172 (1), pp. 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1140/EPJST/E2009-01041-7Batte lier B., Barrett B., Fouché L., et. al., Proc. SPIE 9900, Quantum Optics, SPIE Photonics Europe, 2016, Brussels, Belgium, 990004. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2228351Batte lier B., Barrett B., Fouché L., et. al., Proc. SPIE 9900, Quantum Optics, SPIE Photonics Europe, 2016, Brussels, Belgium, 990004. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2228351Chei ney P., Fouché L., Templier S., Napolitano F., Battelier B., Bouyer P., Barrett B., Physical Review Applied, 2018, vol. 10 (3), 034030. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.034030Chei ney P., Fouché L., Templier S., Napolitano F., Battelier B., Bouyer P., Barrett B., Physical Review Applied, 2018, vol. 10 (3), 034030. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.034030Sor rentino Francesco, et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2011, vol. 327, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012050Sor rentino Francesco, et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2011, vol. 327, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012050Ny man Robert A., et al, Applied Physics B, 2006, vol. 84 (4), pp. 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2395-7Ny man Robert A., et al, Applied Physics B, 2006, vol. 84 (4), pp. 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2395-7Gross e Jens, et al., AIAA SPACE 2014 Conference and Exposition, 4–7 August 2014, San Diego, CA, AIAA, 2014, 4210. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-4210Gross e Jens, et al., AIAA SPACE 2014 Conference and Exposition, 4–7 August 2014, San Diego, CA, AIAA, 2014, 4210. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-4210Stammi nger Andreas, et al., MAIUS-1 – vehicle, subsystems design and mission operations, Proceedings 22nd ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, 7–12 June 2015, Tromsø, Norway, ESA Communications, 2015, pp. 183–191.Stammi nger Andreas, et al., MAIUS-1 – vehicle, subsystems design and mission operations, Proceedings 22nd ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, 7–12 June 2015, Tromsø, Norway, ESA Communications, 2015, pp. 183–191.Els en Michael, et al., Design of the MAIUS-2/3 Atom Interferometer on a Sounding Rocket, Proceedings of the 67th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2016), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26–30 September 2016, IAF, 2016, IAC-16.A2.3.2, pp 464–471.Els en Michael, et al., Design of the MAIUS-2/3 Atom Interferometer on a Sounding Rocket, Proceedings of the 67th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2016), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26–30 September 2016, IAF, 2016, IAC-16.A2.3.2, pp 464–471.Els en Michael, et al., Final design of the MAIUS-2/3 payload – an atom interferometer on a sounding rocket, Proceedings of the 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2018), 1–5 October 2018, Bremen, Germany, IAF, 2018, IAC-18.A2.3.5, pp. 1026–1031.Els en Michael, et al., Final design of the MAIUS-2/3 payload – an atom interferometer on a sounding rocket, Proceedings of the 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2018), 1–5 October 2018, Bremen, Germany, IAF, 2018, IAC-18.A2.3.5, pp. 1026–1031.Dink elaker Aline, et al., Frontiers in Optics 2016, Rochester, New York, 17–21 October 2016, OSA Technical Digest, 2016, FF1H.1. https://doi.org/10.1364/FIO.2016.FF1H.1Dink elaker Aline, et al., Frontiers in Optics 2016, Rochester, New York, 17–21 October 2016, OSA Technical Digest, 2016, FF1H.1. https://doi.org/10.1364/FIO.2016.FF1H.1Münti nga Hauke, et al., QUANTUS: Applications of Bose-Einstein condensates in microgravity, 38th COSPAR Scientifi c Assembly, Bremen, Germany, 18–25 July 2010, 2010, H04-0015-10, p. 2.Münti nga Hauke, et al., QUANTUS: Applications of Bose-Einstein condensates in microgravity, 38th COSPAR Scientifi c Assembly, Bremen, Germany, 18–25 July 2010, 2010, H04-0015-10, p. 2.Rudo lph Jan, et al., Microgravity Science and Technology, 2011, vol. 23 (3), pp. 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12217-010-9247-0Rudo lph Jan, et al., Microgravity Science and Technology, 2011, vol. 23 (3), pp. 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12217-010-9247-0Herr mann Sven, Hansjörg Dittus, Claus Lämmerzahl, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 2012, vol. 29 (18), 184003. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/29/18/184003Herr mann Sven, Hansjörg Dittus, Claus Lämmerzahl, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 2012, vol. 29 (18), 184003. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/29/18/184003Scharrin ghausen Marco, Quantus Team, Ernst Maria Rasel, Bose-Einstein Condensation in Extended Microgravity, 39th COSPAR Scientifi c Assembly, July 14–22, 2012, Mysore, India, 2012, H0.6, p. 1710.Scharrin ghausen Marco, Quantus Team, Ernst Maria Rasel, Bose-Einstein Condensation in Extended Microgravity, 39th COSPAR Scientifi c Assembly, July 14–22, 2012, Mysore, India, 2012, H0.6, p. 1710.D ittus H., Endeavour, 1991, vol. 15 (2), pp. 72–78. https://doi.org/101016/S0160-9327(05)80008-0D ittus H., Endeavour, 1991, vol. 15 (2), pp. 72–78. https://doi.org/101016/S0160-9327(05)80008-0Zero Gravity Research Facility User’s Guide, 2017, available at: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/Zero-GravityResearch-Facility-users-guide.pdf (accessed 03.02.2022).Zero Gravity Research Facility User’s Guide, 2017, available at: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/Zero-GravityResearch-Facility-users-guide.pdf (accessed 03.02.2022).2.2 second drop tower, NASA Glenn Research Center, 2008, available at: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/facilities/drop/ (accessed 03.02.2022).2.2 second drop tower, NASA Glenn Research Center, 2008, available at: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/facilities/drop/ (accessed 03.02.2022).Degtyar V. G., 70th anniversary of the state rocket center named after academician V. R Makeyev, Space Engineering and Technology, 2018, no. 2 (21), available at: https://www.energia.ru/ktt/ archive/2018/02-2018/02-01.pdf (accessed: 10.02.2022). (In Russ.)Degtyar V. G., 70th anniversary of the state rocket center named after academician V. R Makeyev, Space Engineering and Technology, 2018, no. 2 (21), available at: https://www.energia.ru/ktt/ archive/2018/02-2018/02-01.pdf (accessed: 10.02.2022). (In Russ.)Lo tz Christoph, et al., Logistics Journal: Proceedings, 2020, no. 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2195/lj_Proc_lotz_en_202012_01Lo tz Christoph, et al., Logistics Journal: Proceedings, 2020, no. 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2195/lj_Proc_lotz_en_202012_01Con don Gabriel, et al., Physical Review Letters, 2019, vol. 123 (24), 240402. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.240402Con don Gabriel, et al., Physical Review Letters, 2019, vol. 123 (24), 240402. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.240402Ne vsky Alexander, et al., Optics Letters, 2013, vol. 38 (22), pp. 4903–4906. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.38.004903Ne vsky Alexander, et al., Optics Letters, 2013, vol. 38 (22), pp. 4903–4906. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.38.004903

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.